Harem The Power Within Essays - Islam And Women, Imperial Harem

Harem: The Power Within In Muslim societies the social interaction between unrelated men and women is restricted. Traditional house design often allowed the women the inner part of the house which would be off-limits to outsiders. This is the concept of Harem, which literally means a sacred or restricted place. However, in Arabic and Turkish the word Harem is also used as a general name for all the women living in an household. According to Alev L. Croutier the most largest Harem of all times was the Harem of the Ottoman Sultans. He claims that in 16th century there were 600 women in the Ottoman Harem. The origin of the girls brought to the Imperial Harem was very diverse. Because the territories of the Empire was expanded into three continent they were girls from European Countries, Iran, Russia, and North Africa. Most of the girls were brought when they were child. The real source for slaves and concubines brought to the Imperial Palace were the continuos wars. These girls were mostly Christian. Because most wars were made with the Christian countries. Later in 14th century when the Mediterranean piracy started the source for girls and slaves became the north Africa and Caucasian. Besides the girls who were brought as a war prisoner, there were also girls sent to Sultan by the ministers and princes of other countries and states of the Ottoman Empire. Imperial Harem was above all schools. Before being presented to the Sultan, all girls had to learn Arabic, Turkish, literacy, court manners, music and religion. For talented girls Harem also had private teachers coming from other countries. All girls were made Muslim the day they entered the Imperial Palace. A new Arabic or Persian name were giving to them. After that, older women of the Harem were giving these girls the necessary education in case they could see the Sultan one day. If a concubine who saw the Sultan for one time could have the chance to see him again, she became a favorite. Favorites of the Sultan had more chance to marry him. If a girl marries the Sultan and gives birth to a child, then she could guaranty her luxury until the death of her husband. However, the most powerful woman of the Harem and the Empire was the mother of the Sultan. She was also called Valide Sultan which means Mother Sultan. She had a higher income than the Grand Vizier, the vice president, an d often acted as the guardian of the interests of the Sultan and the dynasty. Therefore, the dream of all mothers of princes in the Harem was to be a Mother Sultan (Croutier). ?However, the character of an Oriental Harem has often been set forth incorrectly. While it may contain hundreds of women, a very few of these are the actual consorts of the monarch?(D'Ohsson). A large number are personal servants and entertainers of himself, his mother his consorts, his daughters or his infant sons. Another section consists of those being educated for some personal service. A fourth group, probably the greatest majority, are mere house-servants, who attend to all the domestic labors of the Harem and are seldom promoted to more honorable positions. There is finally, a group of older women who preserve order and peace, teach, and keep accounts. The average age in the Harem was 17. Most female children were married off at five to much older men who couldn't see them alone, until they were 13 and had reached puberty. They were usually married off to leading servants of the Sultan, who were thereby more intimately connected with the imperial household (Altindal 46). In Harem, it was forbidden for the girls to talk or even to see other men than the Sultan. There was only one Sultan -- the rest got turned into eunuchs or killed! Eunuchs were the guardians of the Harem. Although the Sacred Law strongly disapproved the employment of eunuchs, that unfortunate class was thought too useful to be dispensed with entirely. Some were white, brought mainly from the Caucasus region; but the great majority were black brought from Africa. The class deserves mention because several of the important offices of state among the "men

The eNotes Blog One Hundred Years Celebrating AlbertCamus

One Hundred Years Celebrating AlbertCamus Today would have been Albert Camuss 100th birthday. I have had a crush on Albert Camus for a long time.   Cmon hes hot, rebellious, an intellectual, and like most artists Im madly in love with, dead the ultimate unattainable. Although he is often called an existentialist, Camus rejected that label (Sartre and I are often surprised to see our names linked, he once remarked.)   Some critics and readers have instead called him an absurdist, which is sometimes thought of as the philosophy of the absurdity of the individual experience. However, Camus rejected this label as well.   Camuss philosophy is often called the Paradox of Absurdity: The essential paradox arising in Camuss philosophy concerns his central notion of absurdity. Accepting the Aristotelian idea that philosophy begins in wonder, Camus argues that human beings cannot escape asking the question, â€Å"What is the meaning of existence?† Camus, however, denies that there is an answer to this question, and rejects every scientific, teleological, metaphysical, or human-created end that would provide an adequate answer. Thus, while accepting that human beings inevitably seek to understand lifes purpose, Camus takes the skeptical position that the natural world, the universe, and the human enterprise remain silent about any such purpose. Since existence itself has no meaning, we must learn to bear an irresolvable emptiness. This paradoxical situation, then, between our impulse to ask ultimate questions and the impossibility of achieving any adequate answer, is what Camus calls  the absurd. Camuss philosophy of the absurd explores the consequences aris ing from this basic paradox. Camuss intellect is even more impressive when you know his background. His father   died when he was very little. His mother worked as a washer woman and was deaf.   Mother and son lived in Algiers (the setting of one of my favorite short stories, The Guest) where Albert was eventually accepted into the University of Algiers.   His first   and most famous novel  LEtranger  (The Stranger) was published in 1942. In 1957, Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.    Camus was killed in a car accident in 1960.   He was just 46 years old. In addition to his body of work, his journals were published in 2008.   Among these notes is a beautiful consideration on the purpose of art: [Oscar Wilde] wanted to place art above all else. But the grandeur of art is not to rise above all. On the contrary, it must blend with all. Wilde finally understood this, thanks to sorrow. But it is the culpability of this era that it always needed sorrow and constraint in order to catch a glimpse of a truth also found in happiness, when the heart is worthy. Servile century. Even people who have never read anything by Camus are likely to have encountered some of his musings.    Here are a few of my favorites:

Linking up with Talent at Osram Sylvania Case Study

Linking up with Talent at Osram Sylvania - Case Study Example 2. Social Networking Sites for Recruitment Recruitment by means of social networking sites is the latest trend in the professional employment procedure. There are many advantages related to this approach, especially in the instances when the employment has to be done from abroad. Rather than contacting the recruitment companies in those far-off regions, the online communities of interest that have a majority of members from the respective region can be joined and observed silently, for example, supply chain management communities can be joined that have been founded by Indians and have most members belonging to the South Asian land. Sial (2009) stated that the employers can act as silent observers in the prevailing discussions on the platform and identify the individuals that seem to have good experience in the field. Blogging also gives the employer an opportunity to evaluate the individual’s caliber. However, it is advisable to stick to the professional social networking sit es like LinkedIn that are focused on the professional aspects of the individuals. It proves to be a good medium for hiring competent professionals since some are not proactive in the job market and hence do not post their CVs at the job hunting sites.

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE - Coursework Example Activity based costing is loved for its ability to enable the cost control team to enhance accuracy. Accuracy here is in terms of closeness to the actual cost and actual profitability of each product and service. ABC helps managers to have a better comprehension of the company’s actual costs as well as its returns on investments. The returns on investments are usually computed by considering the number of projects and activities that the business engages in. Accounting for costs (2010) show that ABC improves the accuracy levels through transforming some of the costs that traditional costing techniques deem not to be direct into direct costs. The process is done as follows; Firms that have applied ABC successfully did so by employing a number of strategic costing and management factors. The management of such firms does ensure they support and participate in every pricing decision. They have to know when to add or delete items from the product portfolio. Finally, they must know when to consider outsourcing or producing the product in-house (Plowman 2011, p.43). While performing all these, the management is always cautious about improving all the process initiatives. Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an organized style of passing on indirect costs to goods and services. It entails obtaining the cost of each activity drawn in the process of production and assigning costs to each product according to the use of each activity. Alternatively, activity-based costing (ABC) is a more refined way of costing goods and services. Activity based management is the application of ABC as a technique of managing costs at the activity level. It is an area that involves ensuring effective and efficient control f activities as to promote the product value and customer satisfaction. Activity Based Management makes use of the information obtained

Differences between the US and German Corporate Governance Systems Essay - 22

Differences between the US and German Corporate Governance Systems - Essay Example In contrast, German corporate governance code is the medium that determines the corporate issues in Germany. Â  Unlike US law the German corporate system emphasis on protecting the creditors, and gives freedom for accumulating indirect reserves. Another notable feature is that in the German system, accounts are calculated in monetary terms instead of book values. On the contrary, US government permits organizations to create shareholders and to exert their own management control. Moreover, in the US, Sarbanes Oxley Act emphasize on individual responsibilities of CEOs and CFOs; whereas, German corporate governance gives importance to collective responsibility. Â  Regardless of the dissimilar business environment, Law Daimler and Chrysler have rather collectively dealt with the common issues by designing policies to operate their business efficiently. They strategically evaluate the business concerns and formulate further plans to meet challenges that are associated with the variance in business cultures. Their formula emphasizes on the submission of DC balance sheet that the whole company has to be committed to. Individuals like the CEO, CFO, and Chairman also come under the ambit of certain obligations. Also, the company has applied cascade signing system in its business operations. Daimler and Chrysler have given more weight to collective and individual responsibility in management concerns. Â  Law Daimler and Chrysler could have initiated some researchers on the major corporate issues to identify the essential areas of strategic change. It should focus on other competitors for learning how they handle the issues related to organizational convergence. In addition, the company might have explored new potential regions for business expansion to overcome the legal barriers in their domestic market.

Internet Marketing strategy concepts and definitions

Internet Marketing strategy concepts and definitions This chapter aims to present a complete theoretical framework in order to justify an analysis of the previous findings. In the literature review, the evolvement of Internet marketing strategies will be evaluated. Previous research related to digital marketing strategy and the factors affecting customer satisfaction will be clarified. The review forms the principles on which the research is built, by identifying relevant theories and concepts that will be analysed using primary data. This chapter focuses on e-commerce, e-retailing, Internet marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. 2.2.1 Internet Marketing Since business to consumer (B2C) online marketing is becoming increasingly popular in recent years, the population of online consumers is turning more mainstream and diverse (Kotler, 2008). Internet marketing strategy provides consistent direction for an organisations e-marketing activities, defined by Kotler (2007, p493), is becoming one of the mostly rapid increasing technologies of direct marketing and widespread use of the Internet and has a variety of impacts on both buyers and marketers. Therefore, the term Internet marketing refers to an external perspective of how the Internet can be utilised in connection with traditional media to supply and deliver services to customers (Chaffey, 2009). Smith and Chaffey (2008) state that: E-marketing can identify, anticipate and satisfy customer needs efficiently Identifying needs from customer comments, enquiries, requests and complaints solicited via the web sites e-mail facility Anticipating the Internet provides an additional channel by which customers can access information and make purchases evaluating the demand is key to governing resource allocation to e-marketing. Satisfying achieving customer satisfaction through the digital channel, this relates to customer relationship management. Efficiently in an automated way, probably should mean efficiently, increasing lifetime value and maintain the vast armies of not-for-profit marketers. [Chaffey and Smith, 2008, page 18] The Internet brings convenience to consumers and has also permitted the creation of virtual retailers, which are characterised by having only an online presence, such as Amazon.com (Henderson and Er-Radi, 2000). Moreover, the key reason that drives business organisations to access online is to add value for customers by providing them with attractive and effective web sites. Kotler et al. (2008) consider that widespread use of the Internet and other technologies has given marketers a brand new way to create value for customers and build strong relationships with them. The web has basically changed customers concept of convenience, speed, price, product information and service. The authors also suggest that the success of click only companies, such as Amazon, eBay and others to re-examine how they served their markets (Kotler, et al. 2008, p839). The importance of an Internet marketing strategy was underlined by Chaffey et al. (2009), who said that a strong strategy is needed to provide consistent direction for an organisations e-marketing activities. Additionally, the Internet marketing strategy is a channel marketing strategy and determines the strategic significance of the Internet related to other communication channels which are used to communicate with customers at different customer touchpoints; for Internet marketing, many online organisations intended to use search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) marketing, affiliates and e-mail marketing (Chaffey, et al. 2009, p201). Obviously, the marketing mix (Kotler, 2001) can be applied by marketers to notify their Internet marketing strategy; the extension of 4Ps 7Ps include: Product, Price, Place and Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence (Booms and Bitner, 1981). The marketing mix is applied frequently to marketing strategy since it provides a simple strategic framework for changing different aspects of a companys products helping to influence the demand for product within the target markets. Especially for an organisation which is involved directly in transactional e-commerce, digital media have implications for the significance of different marketing mix for different markets (Chaffey et al, 2009). Additionally, Lauterborn (1990) suggested the 4Cs framework the 4Cs imply more emphasis on customer wants and concerns than do the Ps: Convenience for the customer; Customer value and benefits; Costs to the customer; and Communication. This customer-centric approach also applies well to online mark ets; it follows that the selection of marketing mix should be based on detailed knowledge of buyer behaviour gathered through market research (Chaffey et al, 2009, p 279). Dennis and Harris (2002) also indicate that one development has merit as being descriptive of the way marketers think about the customer. The 4Cs are as explained below: C1 Convenience for the customer Place (from the 4Ps), can be thought of as Convenience for the customer, recognising the customers choice to purchase in ways that feel convenient to them. C1 also includes key aspects of website design, such as navigation, layout and ease of purchase. C2 Customer value and benefits Product, can be thought of as Customer value and benefits. E-retailers now specify products to a much better extent than previously, evaluating relationships to the customer and appreciation of benefits that customers want. When customers are buying online, they are far less likely to ask for help than when they are in store. E-shoppers need to be especially careful about describing products explicitly in terms of customer value and benefits. C3 Cost to the customer Price is represented as Cost to the customer, the real cost that the customer will pay, including packaging and shipping fee. Consumers often have a perception that prices should be lower online than in-store. Retailers often offer further pricing options includes: discounts; add-ons and extra products and services; guarantees and warranties; refund policies; order cancellation terms (Chaffey et al, 2009) C4 Communication and customer relationships Communication is equivalent to Promotion. It is a two-way process also involving attitudes and feedback from customers to suppliers. Dennis and Harris (2002) state that retailers spend more on advertising than manufacturers do, and they are closer to customers and have more access to customer feedback. Successful e-retailers often use offline advertising and promotion such as magazines and posters, integrated with online marketing communications. Online methods include banner ads and pop-ups, paid-for listings in search engines and affiliate programmes. E-retailers find it difficult to gain and satisfy customers emotional needs and wants. To achieve this, e-retailers can create a web atmosphere using techniques, such as music, visual download and videos. Moreover, e-retailers can build a picture of products most likely to be bought by individual customers. For instance, Amazon (www.amazon.com) matches new books to existing customers who maybe interested in them, based on prior purcha ses and makes recommendations accordingly (Dennis et al, 2004 pp2-8). 2.3 E-commerce Reynolds (2000) demonstrates that the Internet is changing the way people conduct normal business, whether this is finding new ways of revenue, obtaining new customers, or managing a new business supply chain. E-commerce enables businesses to sell products and services to consumers worldwide. According to Warrington et al. (2000), the intricacies of electronic commerce via the Internet and the World Wide Web have offered marketers an abundance of opportunities and challenges. E-commerce is growing at a tremendous rate, using the Internet initially as a communication and promotional tool, and later to perform distribution channels, discovering an entirely new situation of consumer purchasing behaviour. De Kare-Silver (2000) suggests that interactive technologies are doing away with the need for people to visit shops. The number of UK regular home web users has risen to 16.5m, time spent by home web users is also growing up, because they search for and use websites more (Gibson, 2002). Oz (2002) consists that consumers prefer to shop and buy on the Internet for three major reasons: convenience, saving time and comparative shopping. Ginn (2010) also demonstrates that online sales are a huge and growing part of the UK retail sector, and currently account for a quarter of all new retail businesses; online sales are predicted to reach  £78 billion during 2010. Despite the increasing levels of Internet adoption and usage, Internet shopping in the UK represents less than 10% of all purchases and online shopping remains popular for certain products only (Soopramanien et al, 2007 cited in Office of National Statistics Omnibus survey, 2003). Moreover, Internet shopping is considered both safe and easy by many millions of consumers (Econsultancy, 2010). Therefore, selling products online offers huge potential opportunities for retailers; it also instantly enables businesses to reach customers who would not have visited their bricks and mortar store. An ecommerce of long-lasting relationships has become a significant factor for marketers due to the increasing awareness of the financial benefits in maintaining customers (Sahota, 2004). According to cited from Reicheld and Schefter.s research (2000), the unique economics of e-commerce make customer retention a necessity for the e-retailers survival in the digital world. Chaffey et al. (2009, p628) indicates that since 2001 many retailers have accepted the Internet as a durable trading environment and have set about working out how to shape their companies to cope with the demands of trading and interacting in a virtual environment. The author also suggests that companies are able to discover substantial competitive advantages and customer value. Dennis et al. (2004) point out that there are a number of advantages for e-retailers. Firstly, location is not important; according to Amazon, the e-retailers can sell equally well to anyone anywhere in the world. Secondly, size does not ma tter; small e-retailers can compete on equal terms with large ones. Thirdly, the socio-demographic profile of e-shoppers is attractive to many retailers. Finally, online selling saves on the salary costs of traditional sales people. Amazon.co.uks E-retail Mix Convenience According to Dennis et al. (2004, pp47-51), there are several factors which increase the level of customer convenience which can be a vital part in gaining and maintaining new customers. First and foremost, the amazon.co.uk search engine is fast and safe, as customers can quickly look up the desired products. Moreover, the site provides value-added services such as book reviews and ratings, and shows a comparison prices against its own price; thus, customers can see how much they are saving from Amazon. Besides, Amazon offers shopping technology which streamlines the customer buying process by maintaining personal information such as credit card number and shipping address, in order to save time and reduce problems. In some cases the website provides a guarantee that, if the transactions are unauthorised, it will reimburse the money to customers. The authors also state that the main aim of Amazon.co.uk is to maximise customer convenience; one way of doing this is to inform the customer of product availability. Furthermore, the website also displays other books in the same category when customers are searching for similar books. The facility allows customers to have better choice and can increase sales. Customers can view their personal account anytime, which involves information about their previous orders with shipping details. In addition, customers can use account information to make their estimation and recommendations about other books that customer will consider (Dennis et al, 2004, p47). Cost Brynjolfsson and Smith (2000) justifies that Jeff Bezos, believed that online customers considered selection and convenience are more crucial than price. It is apparent that customers want to get a great price with excellent customer service. Most of the books from amazon are available at a discounted price; consumers can easily see three prices: list price, our price and how much you save. Communication Jeff sets the aim of Amazon to be a customer-centric company, so that customers can opt in if they wish to receive more information. Amazon keeps watch on the customers ordering process through the database environment that suits all the details to the website. Therefore, it can follow the trail of the speed and customer performance of every step in a transaction, such as adding items in a shopping basket, completing an order and e-mail notification to the customer. In addition to that, Amazon usually recommends similar books relating to what other customers have bought. These traits lead customers make their choice quickly and they can they can read spotlight reviews by others. Every user can express their viewpoints about authors while publishers and authors can also contribute. Moreover, Amazon uses an integrated marketing communication strategy consists of advertising, public relations, promotions and online marketing. Online activity includes search engine marketing and front pa ges such Yahoo and MSN. The associate program uses other sites to promote Amazon by linking directly take users to Amazons site. Computing Amazon has developed a customised information system and dedicated ordering system, which is linked with suppliers to automatically order books. The companys software processes the orders through interfaces or electronic data interchange with suppliers and the supply chain is computerised. Therefore, the company builds up a strong relationship with customers and suppliers. According to a customer research survey carried out by amazon.co.uk, 70 per cent of sales are collected by repeat customer of whom 97 per cent are satisfied or very satisfied with the service. Its FAQs part is informative as it displays all the key issues encompassing ordering process, delivery charges and return policies. According to Saunders (2001, p76), customer value proposition is a vital feature defined by several factors, including cost, quality, speed of delivery, service during the interaction with the company, and innovation. Cost. Customers usually want to pay the least money for the same quality of products they get. Quality. Customers expect to pay to get the promised quality. Speed. Companies can provide quick delivery is practicing this value proposition. Service repair and replacement. Customers hope if they can call a company at anytime 24 hours a day to solve problems. Innovation. Customers focus on the fastest, the newest, and the most advanced technology in the computer field. Companies often introduce new features to attract and obtain customers. Additionally, Saunders(2001, pp103-106) also suggests that Amazon processes orders and ships books, CDs, videos and so on, however, customer satisfaction comes not only from timely and safety delivery of orders, but also from understanding customer expectations and meeting or exceeding their needs. Moreover, there are some elements may influence customer satisfaction: Leave visitors to the site with a positive impression. Stimulate potential buyers for visiting the store. Make a customers encounters with the company a delight. Personalise and customise service. Perform as promised. Exceed expectations. Communicate the importance of customer satisfaction. Do something better than anyone else does it. Market knowledge as well as product. Consequently, Dennis at el. (2004) summarises that Amazon has become one of the worlds largest booksellers. The company has achieved this position through specific customer centric factors by enhancing customer experience. Kargar (2004) supplements that Amazons marketing strategy was designed to strengthen and broaden the brand name, enhance customer visiting frequency to its web sites; build customer loyalty; encourage repeat purchases and develop increased products and services revenue opportunities. The company delivered several of media, business development activities and promotions to achieve these goals. Chaffey and Smith (2008) also demonstrate that collaborative filtering helps Amazon to identify and anticipate what customers might offer similar books those buyers who have similar interests. 2.2.5 Consumer behaviour Internet consumer behaviour Internet consumer research (Brown et al., 2001) indicates that convenience is the main reason why consumers use the Internet for the purpose of purchasing. E-shoppers tend to be concerned mainly with functional and utilitarian considerations (Dennis et al. 2009). The authors also demonstrate that functional considerations influence consumer attitudes towards an e-retailer, which in turn has an impact on consumers choice of e-retailer and then on actual e-retail activity, including shopping and continued loyalty behaviour. According to a survey by NPD online, 75 per cent of online shoppers said that good customer service would make consumers shop at the site again (Solomon et al. (2006) cited from Gilbert (1999), p316). Another recent study suggested by Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2003) four factors were predictive of customer judgments about quality and satisfaction, customer loyalty and attitudes towards a website: Fulfilment/reliability. (a)The accurate display and description of a product so that what customers receive is what they thought they ordered. (b) The delivery of the right product within the time frame promised. Website design. This includes all elements of the consumers experience at the website (except for customer service), covering navigation, information search, order processing, appropriate personalisation and product selection. Customer service. This needs to be responsive, helpful, willing service that responds to customer inquiries quickly. Security/privacy. This involves the security surrounding credit card payments and the privacy of shared information. Chaston (2001, p25) identifies a five-phase customer purchase process, as shown in Figure 2.1, these are recognition of need, search for information, evaluation of alternatives, the purchase decision and post-purchase evaluation. Need recognition Information search Information evaluation Post-purchase evaluation Purchase decision Fig 2.1 A five-phase customer purchase process Therefore, in presenting a process model, it is apparent that the e-commerce purchase model builder need to recognise that the market attention should be given to how the factors of involvement, the creation of clear difference between a companys product and competition and time pressure may influence customer behaviour (Chaston, 2001, p30). Furthermore, a customer who is becoming a loyal user must experience satisfaction during the post-purchase evaluation phase. Kristensen et al. (1999) draws upon the customer satisfaction model, the combined influence of these factors causes the customer to reach results about both perceived value for money and overall level of satisfaction. Dennis et al. (2009, pp. 1123-1130) demonstrate factors influencing internet consumer behaviour, the conceptual foundations are illustrated in Figure 2.3: Figure 2.3 The basic model The authors propose that: P1. E-consumer attitude towards an e-retailer will be positively influenced by customer perceptions of e-retailer image. P2. E-consumer intentions to purchase from an e-retailer will be influenced by positive attitudes towards the e-retailer. P3. Actual purchases from an e-retailer will be positively influenced by intentions to purchase from an e-retailer. P4. Intention to shop with a particular e-retailer will be positively influenced by past experience. P5. Actual purchases from an e-retailer will positively influence experience. P6. E-consumer trust in an e-retailer will positively influence intention to e-shop. P7. Past experience and cues that reassure the consumer will positively influence trust in an e-retailer. P8. E-consumer attitudes towards an e-retailer will be positively influenced by e-interactivity. From the viewpoint of marketing organisations, a marketing strategy is intended to enhance the probability or frequency of consumer behaviours. Understanding consumers is a critical issue in developing marketing strategies, not only for retailers to adapt to consumers, but also to change what consumers think and feel about a variety of market offerings (Peter et al, 1999). Laudon and Traver (2003) demonstrate that some demographic groups have much higher percentages of online usage than other groups. The demographic profile of the Internet and e-commerce has changed greatly since 1995. There are several factors that influence the consumer behaviour, including gender, age, ethnicity, community type, income level and education. Consumers usually choose to shop online because it can save time and offer a wider range of products, by not going to store; can shop when stores are closed; might find better prices. Transaction cost reduction happens to be the main motivator for selecting th e online channel. However, there are two major criticisms of B2C marketing (Peter and Olson, 2008, pp2-16): firstly, it reaches only a small number of populations; secondly, consumers shop on the website to collect information about products and services but do not purchase. Consequently, several aspects could influence online consumer behaviours, for instance: whether consumers who want products are also Internet users; the size of the targeted e-retail market for the product or service and its geographic segmentation; whether buying the product or service through the Internet provides benefits to potential consumers. Turban et al. (2002) illustrate that e-commerce can be referred to as a new distribution channel; as a result, the task of attracting customers to an online company, customer acquisition, can be difficult and expensive, because it is necessary to first convince unwilling customers to shop online at first. Companies must build brand loyalty with new and existing customers, many successful e-retailers are using innovative technology to provide extra value is aiming to attract and maintain customers (Solomon et al, 2006). One of the benefits of doing Internet business is that it enables companies better understand their customers demands and buying habits, which will allow them to improve and customise their future marketing achievements (Turban et al, 2001, p128). For instance, Amazon can e-mail customers with announcements of new books published in a customers area of interest. Brown et al. (2001) point out that the Internet has transformed the social and spatial aspects of shopping for many consumers, thus, the Internet plays the role of facilitating the information search for consumers. The product acquisition process is increased by enabling consumers to access a significant amount of detailed information with regard to attributed product, comparative price, availability, and overall value proposition. Additionally, Peter and Olson (2008) state that marketing to consumers via the Internet has various benefits for marketers and that online B2C marketing requires marketers to achieve customers dema nds, just as traditional marketing does. Besides, online marketing allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, therefore, offering products and services globally in an efficient and cost-efficient manner, more precisely, online marketing provides ways for developing one-to-one relationships with consumers and establishing consumer databases to be established for conducting online research. However, Solomon et al. (2006, p319) state that e-commerce has its limitations. First of all, security is one important aspect. Some consumers credit cards and other identity information has been stolen. Secondly, is related to the actual shopping experience. Perhaps consumers will be satisfactory to buy digital cameras or books online, however, buying apparel in which customers should touch and try it on is necessary may be less attractive. Even though most companies have very liberal return policies, consumers still dissatisfied with large delivery and return postal charges for items. Some pros and cons of e-commerce are summarised in Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Pros and cons of e-commerce Benefits of e-commerce Limitations of e-commerce For the consumer For the consumer Shop 24 hours a day Lack of security Less travelling Fraud Can receive relevant information in seconds Cant touch items from any location Exact colours may not reproduce More choice of products on computer monitors More products available to less-developed countries Expensive to order and then return Greater price information Potential breakdown of human Lower prices so that less affluent can purchase relationships Participate in virtual auctions Fast delivery Electronic Communities For the marketer The world is the marketplace Lack of security Decreases costs of doing business Must maintain site to reap benefits Very specialised businesses can be successful Fierce price competition Real time pricing Conflicts with conventional retailers Legal issues not resolved Source: Solomon et al. (2006) cited from Solomon, M. and Stuart, E. W. (2001) Welcome to Marketing.com: The Brave New World of E-commerce. Consumer decision making According to Solomon (2009), a consumer purchase is a response to a problem, there are several steps of consumer decision making (1) problem recognition, (2) information search, (3) evaluation of alternatives, and (4) product choice. Before purchasing a product, consumers have to consider a variety of problems. Moreover, a useful way to characterize the decision making process is to consider the abundant efforts that relates to the decision each time it must be made. Peter et al. (1999) emphasis that consumer decision making is based on the knowledge, meanings, and beliefs activated from memory and the attention and comprehension processes involved in exploring new information in the environment. Thus, consumers make purchasing decisions about which behaviours to perform to achieve their goals and to solve the problems. To develop effective marketing strategies, marketers should know the types of problem-solving processes their consumers usually make purchase decisions. Marketers target several consumer segments, with different decision-making processes, may develop multiple strategies to affect the different decision outcomes (Peter and Olson, 2008). Gefen and Struab (2004) identify the concept of perceived risk in an individual purchase behavior model, and concluded the shopping behaviour can be regarded as a form of information gaining behaviour. Therefore, consumer choice of type of shopping is mainly affected by three factors: merchandise features, shopping device attributes and consumer characteristics. The consumers decision to purchase or not to purchase the product or service is a significant factor for most marketers. It can express whether a marketing strategy has been wise, insightful, effective and efficient, or whether it was weakly planned (Schiffman et al, 2008). Thus, consumer behaviour is not only making a purchase decision or the action of purchasing, but also includes the full range of experiences associated with using or consuming products or services. Moreover, it also consists of the sense of pleasure or satisfaction delivered through possessing or collecting products (Schiffman et al, 2008, p98). Customer Satisfaction Hill and Alexander (2006) point out that in recent times, organizations have increasingly understand the importance of customer satisfaction. It is far less costly to maintain existing customers than to obtain new ones. Companies have invested enormously in improving performance in making a strong contribution to customer satisfaction, such as quality and customer service. Therefore, the authors supplement that the fundamental justification for measuring customer satisfaction is to provide the information which enables managers to make the right decisions to maximise customer satisfaction and improve customer retention. (Hill and Alexander, 2006, p9) Additionally, anyone involved in measuring customer satisfaction must have a specific understanding of the ways in which customers make and evaluate their purchase decisions. Lee et al. (2006) propose that a satisfied customer tends to return for future business and thereby contributes to the retention rate of the existing customers. Additionally, a satisfied customer is probably to offer positive word-of-mouth products or service about the purchasing experience. The World Wide Web spreads a virtual market place for customers to search for and purchase. Previous researches conducted that there were no remarkable difference between online and offline shopping environments which regard to customer satisfaction (Lee et al. cited in Smith and Rangaswamy (2003), pp.65). Besides, Szymanski and Hise (2000) investigate that the vital components of customer satisfaction framework are focused on the customer relationship management concept, including website convenience, provision of product i nformation, web page design, and security concerns. Amazon customer review With the Internets increasing popularity, online consumer reviews have turned into a vital resource for consumers substituting and complementing other forms of business-to-consumer and offline word-of-mouth communication about product quality (Zhu and Zhang, 2010). Therefore, online consumer reviews can enormously influence consumers purchasing decisions. In order to reduce the search costs for reviews, Amazon has recently modified the way to display star levels for each item. Although it previously showed only an average star rating, it shows how many people rated the item with each of the 1-5 stars, thus, readers can choose to read reviews for a given star level. An investigation by Chevalier and Mayzlin (2006), on average, reviews tend to be positive, they demonstrate that the addition of new, favourable reviews at one site results in a growth of the sales of a book at that site relative to the other site. Moreover, they also find an incremental negative review is more powerful in decreasing book sales than an incremental positive review is increasing sales (Chevalier and Mayzlin, 2006, pp.345-347). Consumers regularly read and respond to written reviews, not merely the average star ranking summary provided by the website. Moreover, the authors conclude that customer reviews tend to be positive at both sites and that

Down With The Kings :: essays research papers

When someone commits a crime, they are punished for their sin. If someone says, â€Å"go rob that store,† the man robbing the store is persecuted, not usually the instigator. Everyone, regardless of status or wealth is responsible for his actions. No one can whip out a remote control and make them do anything they want them to do. Men can be manipulated, but he is still under his own control. No one can make his decision as to whether or not he is going to be obedient to his manipulator. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth himself is most responsible because each man is responsible for his own actions and the results of those actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many parts of the play Macbeth that show Macbeth taking charge and having full responsibility of his deeds. Regardless of how much Lady Macbeth seems to push Macbeth, it is in Macbeth’s disposition to take charge and be independent as is shown in this proclamation announced by Macbeth himself, â€Å"Bring me no more reports. Let them fly all! Till Birnam Wood remove to Dunsinane, I cannot taint with fear.† (V.iii.1-3) Macbeth is mot told to ignore all of his military responsibilities by anyone. Lady Macbeth is barely alive at this time therefore there is no way that she could have influenced this decision made solely by Macbeth. Macbeth is completely confident in himself and does not think that anything can keep him from keeping his position on the throne. Macbeth’s greed and the fact that he is incredibly headstrong are also factors of his demise. Macbeth demonstrates this by saying: We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honored me of late, and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside soon. (I.vii.35-40) Macbeth sees his compliments as actual features of himself that will live with him forever and not just once in a while characteristics being cast off quickly. Although, these people do contribute to his actions by fueling them, he still makes the ultimate choices. He sees people trying to win favor with him as his actually characteristics, and this makes his desire for status stronger. He shows that he is capable of excellent judgment but would rather do deeds that benefit him rather than do what is best for the majority and those he loves.

Why Young People Should Be Encouraging To Develop A Personal Action Plan

Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care. In every type of work setting, there will always be different opinions on certain things that will lead to conflicts or dilemmas. Work setting where there are children involves is no different. Conflicts happen almost everywhere. In a school setting there could be conflicts or dilemmas between the children, the children’s family, staff members and teachers. The most important thing is to do the right decision in favour of protecting and safeguarding the concerned child.There are various ways to deal with risks associate conflicts and dilemmas. Diligent exercise of duty of care must be balanced with children’s rights and parents’ responsibilities. The duty of care could conflict with children’s rights to have experiences which facilitate their development and learning. Challenging and risk taking activities and in children’s play is essential. This helps them to learn to predict and avoid dangerous situations. When a practitioner seeks to ‘wrap the children in cotton wool’ that is not letting them discover and taking risks with a limit, then the practitioner is carrying her duty of care too far.Allowing children to explore with the practitioners’ guidance is vital in a child’s development. Sometimes rights may take precedence over duty of care. Practitioners should discharge their duty of care in ways that support children’s rights acquire life skills through learning how to cope with risky situations. Making children and young people aware of potential hazards and dangers is very important to help children choose between right and wrong. In other situations, duty of care may prevail over rights.A practitioner’s duty of care to protect children from abuse must be balanced with families’ rights to have their private information treated confidentially. A pra ctitioner must avoid intruding into their lives in a way that infringe their rights or the responsibilities of their parents. If a practitioner comes across a serious suspicion in a case of abuse, he/she must report immediately to the Child Services and leave everything in their hands. If individuals insist on doing something that you disagree with, you can only advise and encourage them.You cannot force them to do anything. For example, if an individual refuses to take medication and their well-being depends on this medication, you cannot force them to take the medication. You should immediately contact your supervisor / manager and seek advice. You should also make sure you record what has happened and the action taken. Professional guidance and support is always useful to help in such situations practitioners come across. It is important to take second opinion of a higher authority when deciding on such conflicts or dilemmas.

Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology

Kluckhohn’s Passage of Wisdom In Kluckhohn’s passage he explains the differences and similarities of the worlds cultures. Kluckhohn’s theory is that people act the way they do because that is the way they were brought up. I have a friend that recently went to Africa. He said that the culture over there is extremely different. For example, his sister could not wear shorts because in Africa, women who have clothing showing skin above the knees are considered prostitutes. One day it was extremely hot and she wore shorts. She was approached by at least ten men that day. Mr. Klucklohn talked about a traders wife in the essay. She fed her guests rattlesnake sandwiches. They thought that it was good until they found out that it wasn’t chicken but rattlesnake, at which point they vomited it all out. Kluckhohn thinks that people’s actions are determined by their ancestors’ experience. I disagree with that. Sometimes it is true but only because they were taught that way. Immigrants from another country often bring their culture with them. They teach the culture to their children but usually the family is â€Å"Americanized† by the time the granchildren grow up. I agree with the majority of Kluckhohn’s theories. People are influenced by the cultures that they were raised in.... Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology Kluckhohn’s Passage of Wisdom In Kluckhohn’s passage he explains the differences and similarities of the worlds cultures. Kluckhohn’s theory is that people act the way they do because that is the way they were brought up. I have a friend that recently went to Africa. He said that the culture over there is extremely different. For example, his sister could not wear shorts because in Africa, women who have clothing showing skin above the knees are considered prostitutes. One day it was extremely hot and she wore shorts. She was approached by at least ten men that day. Mr. Klucklohn talked about a traders wife in the essay. She fed her guests rattlesnake sandwiches. They thought that it was good until they found out that it wasn’t chicken but rattlesnake, at which point they vomited it all out. Kluckhohn thinks that people’s actions are determined by their ancestors’ experience. I disagree with that. Sometimes it is true but only because they were taught that way. Immigrants from another country often bring their culture with them. They teach the culture to their children but usually the family is â€Å"Americanized† by the time the granchildren grow up. I agree with the majority of Kluckhohn’s theories. People are influenced by the cultures that they were raised in....

The History of The Scientific Method †Science Essay

The History of The Scientific Method – Science Essay Free Online Research Papers The History of The Scientific Method Science Essay Beginnings of science originate in the Middle East, and the early civilizations of the Tigris-Euphrates valley and the Nile valley. Advances were made in both technology and theory, but separate groups within each culture were responsible for the progress. The Babylonians devised methods for solving algebraic equations, and they compiled extensive astronomical records. In Egypt there were also developments in mathematics and astronomy and the beginnings of the science of medicine. Early Greek contributions by The Pythagoreans, Aristotle, and Plato marked a different approach to Science but made notable studies in the area of biology and anatomy. Many more are to follow, and as things were discovered and theorized, observation and manufacturing techniques were passed on from one culture to another. Using ancient methods, and building upon them, have allowed scientists to not only study and create science, but create it quicker; especially in the computer age of today. In this essay I will help you understand how technology has played a big role in the creation of new science and technologies. The roots of science lie in the technology of early tool making and other crafts, while scientific theory was once a part of philosophy and religion. Until recent times, technology encouraging science rather than the other way around was the norm. Thus, the history of science is essentially intertwined with that of technology. The Babylonians devised methods for solving algebraic equations, and they compiled extensive astronomical records from which the periods of the planets revolution and the eclipse cycle could be calculated. This was the birthplace for our current calendar system of 12 months in a year, 7 days a week, etc. Wheeled vehicles and bronze metallurgy were imported to Egypt where iron smelting was discovered. But some of the greatest changes were in the area of technology, in the development of new sources of energy and their application in transportation, communications, and industry. The development of these worked as an alternator in sorts; scientists u se science to create science. The creation of new tools and measuring equipment, cleaner facilities with which to work out of, the ability to go places unable before, and to observe new things, has had a great influence on how science is done. The industrial revolution, which some might argue was greatest in the 13th and 16th century, applies more towards the years 1750 and 1850. Revolutionary economic change was apparent during the13th and 16th centuries, but between 1750 and 1850, dramatic changes in social and economic structure took place, as invention and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale machine production, causing those formerly employed in agriculture (in which production had also increased as a result of technological improvements), to gather in great urban factory centers; for instance, Detroit. Many large facilities are located here, and it is still one of the biggest exporters of automobiles, even though it has, and is still going through some very rough times as automation is taking over where employee’s once worked. Measurement, being one of the fundamental processes of science, provides the data on which new theories are based, and by which older theories are tested and retested. A good measurement should be both accurate and precise. Accuracy is determined by the care taken by the person making the measurement and the condition of the instrument. Old instruments might wear or break and provide inaccurate results. Precision is determined by the design of the instrument; the finer the instruments scale and the greater the ease with which they can be read, the more precise the measurement. CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), and computers themselves, might have been the greatest achievement in the development of science. With CAD, rather than having to build prototypes and change components to determine the effects of tolerance ranges and theories, scientists can use computers to simulate these operations. The invention of micro electronics have become useful in laboratories and factories, where CAM, a form of computer automation evolved from the numerically controlled machines of the 1950’s, has revolutionized the manufacturing process. Today a single computer can control banks of robotic testing equipment and systems. Computer controlled sterile environments aid in laboratories where dangerous materials must be handled very carefully, and the contamination of bacteria is a big worry. In the world of automobile repair, todays BMW’s have pushed the envelope even further, and where we already saw a great step in compu terized error-reporting equipment, the car alerts you when a service is due or something is malfunctioning, and send messages to BMW headquarters which in turn sets you up for an appointment for your repair; automatically. In conclusion, you can see we have not only made achievements in the creation of new technologies, and the understanding of our earth and universe, but we in turn use these new technologies in a recursive process, to aid in the way information is gathered, to create complex and reliable tools used for observation, to automate the calculation and testing of theories, and, while become increasingly unpopular for many factory workers, to reduce or eliminate the requirement of human input. No telling how far the influence of new technology on science will take us into the future, but as we continue to learn more about the human body, build our space-station’s, discover new forms of life in the depths of the oceans, and find cleaner energy sources, the possibilities are endless; especially if you’re one of those that think WE are merely a small experiment in the vast laboratory called the Universe. Research Papers on The History of The Scientific Method - Science EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paper

Jewish Understanding of the Nature of Ultimate Reality Essay

Jewish Understanding of the Nature of Ultimate Reality - Essay Example Addressing the Job, the Lord offers him a long list of questions. He does it not to injure Job’s pride but to make him think over more deeply about that what is well known to him: about God who laid the Earth’s Foundation and the secret that is present in it. Moreover, The Lord showed the Job ten peculiarities of the natural world arrangement as for instance, dead secret or nine types of animals that illustrate the secret of creating life. The last verse gives an opportunity to see or to understand the atmosphere of judicial proceedings between the Lord and the Job, and this is actually what Job tried to achieve. After all, the purpose of this conversation, however, is not to establish somebody’s fault or innocence, but the statement of truth about life as the God’s creation. Why do people give up, and others continue to fight despite everything? The best way of looking at this question is to consider the life and work of one of the famous neurologist Fran kl who is also known as the person that survived in Auschwitz (this camp is closely related to Jews as there were a lot of them there). He made certain discoveries and became the person who founded logo-therapy. This person had to endure the horror of concentration camps. Being the ordinary prisoner, Frankl described in his writing the painful camp reality which had a reflection on people’s state of mind. It is undeniable that it was a cruel fight for survival, even between prisoners; a grim struggle for the slice of bread and self-preservation.

History of Corporate Governance or applicable topic Research Paper

History of Corporate Governance or applicable topic - Research Paper Example With time, corporate governance issues do not seem to tire of introducing certain new legislative rules ad duties that aim at governing the relationship between the stakeholders of various companies as well as their management (Morck, 2005). Furthermore, the beginning of the twentieth century saw to the formulation of sufficient codes among other best practice catalogues that are concerned with corporate governance especially in business communities with the sole aim of satisfying a variety of stakeholders. According to Steger and Amann (2008), despite the fact that the term corporate governance being as old as the various managed entities themselves, it cuts across ownership and management thereby bringing forth a principal-agent problem. The term itself gained its use in the 1980s even though the need for shareholder and owner protection against any managerial issue, existed mush earlier. In the 1970s, probably among the most important functions of the corporate instrument were est ablished to be; establishment of basic objectives, corporate strategies as well as the policies of the board (Stege & Amann, 2008). Also, it was charged with the ultimate responsibility asking various discerning questions and above all, the selection of president. Another feature of corporate governance within this time period was the pyramidal business group. In this system, the shareholders are at the apex who commands a great control over a given single company. Consequently, this company held control blocks in other listed companies. In the 1980s, the extent to which the term corporate governance spread provided an indication of the growing awareness of issues as pertaining to corporate governance. The increased attention was somewhat due to several high profile initial public offerings alongside the privatization of state parastatals. This had an impact of various industrial sectors such as telecommunication, mining and electricity in the U.K which reported a rise in the total earnings (Steger & Amann p.8). In the subsequent years, other countries that employed the same tactic such as Germany which privatized its telecom industry, also realized great profits. The increased shift of attention on issues regarding corporate governance within this period can also be associated with a number of corporate failures and scandals. As a result, corporate governance attempted to influence the stock markets which a lot of people depended much on. The stock markets remarkably increased as corporate governance provided a sense security (Morck, 2005). In the 1990s, there was a rise in awareness of corporate governance in all the central countries. There were a lot of reports, guiding principles as well as the remarkably nice practice codes that called for transparency, conformance and compliance that were issued at board level to the countries in question. These reports clearly outlined the directors’ service contracts, the effectiveness and perceived objectivity of auditing as well as the role of institutional investors. As such, this made a breakthrough corporate governance more so owing to the fact its reports became requisite for companies that were listed in the U.S by the year 1995. Corporate governance has brought with it a distinction between the executive and the supervising members of the board and the division between the chairman of the board and the chief executive officers (C.E.O). For instance, by the year 1998,