The Development Of The American Justice System Essay

The development of the American justice system is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal justice graduate program will give you enough information to leave you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The first settlers to America brought the criminal justice system of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the idea of Mens Reas (guilty mind) and the impact of the Catholic Church. There was marvelous irony in these practices as such a large number of homesteaders had fled England to maintain a strategic distance from religious mistreatment. Pioneer laws stayed as existing conditions until William Penn started advancing criminal justice change before the American Revolution. As a Quaker, Penn grasped the need of actualizing more sympathetic practices into the legal system including the development of sensible lodging for criminals. After the American Revolution, the U.S. Constitution ruled over all individual s equivalent rights and flexibilities. Pure people now got more prominent securities, physical discipline was eliminated in some jurisdictions, and the quantity of jails became exponentially. Next, came the change of the Civil War and Reconstruction as the north and south varied on equivalent rights and the treatment of detainees, a large portion of whom were liberated slaves. Our country soon changed concentration again as rushes of workers arrived. Social issuesShow MoreRelatedComparison Of American And Chinese Legal Culture1609 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of American and Chinese legal culture Abstract: The legal culture is a national, regional or national basis in certain social and material conditions, the state power by the creation of a common legal system constraints and determine the status of the legal system of values and attitudes in the whole society and culture. Thus, each country has its own unique legal culture. By selecting the most typical American and Chinese legal cultures of two different aspects: the legal standard, comparativeRead MoreCriminal Justice Reform Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Flag is perhaps the most symbolic piece of art representing the United States; the 50 stars represent the 50 states; the colors symbolize valor, purity and justice; and the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies. But for some, these stripes also represent the 2.2 million people held in the American criminal justice system, moreover they represent the disproportionate rate that minorities in the U.S. are incarcerated. What some consider the greatest democracy in the world, is reallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words   |  6 PagesChapter Three Disciplinary changes applied to the juvenile justice system in addition to negative impressions of juvenile males have caused juvenile male incarceration rates to surge. African American male juveniles encounter racial differences in society everyday due to view that media portrays them to be. Racial bias amongst these juvenile African American males is the principal cause of their incarceration rates climbing higher each year. The lives of these juveniles are seriously alteredRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems833 Words   |  4 PagesStates juvenile justice system and England’s juvenile justice system. Although there are many similarities between both developed countries England’s approach to juvenile justice is more effective long term by its implementation of rehabilitative and restorative programs. In return tackling the problem of high recidivism rates and reintegration into society. Mental Health Issues in Juveniles Young people are unintentionally vulnerable when it comes to mental health development causing them toRead MoreAbstract. Lawrence Kohlberg’S’ Theory Of Moral Development1574 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Lawrence Kohlberg’s’ theory of Moral development suggests that moral development regards justice concerns as developmentally more advanced than interpersonal considerations. Kohlberg’s theory consists of three different levels and six stages that determines what stage a person is in according to their responses in a moral dilemma. I will discuss the research study between Mexican Americans and Anglo-Americans and gender differences when it comes to decision making in moral dilemmas. I willRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 PagesPositive School of Criminology. 5. Describe the role of William Penn and the Pennsylvania Quakers in the development of the use of prisons in the United States. 6. Specify the operations of the Walnut Street Jail as the first American prison. 7. Compare the Pennsylvania System with the Auburn System of imprisonment. 8. Explain how the Irish Penal System contributed to the development of the Reformatory Era of prison operations in the United States. 9. List the Acts of Congress and describeRead MoreAnalysis Of Brown V. Board Of Education1367 Words   |  6 Pagesin American Higher Education? An analysis of Brown v. Board of Education The history of education, much like the history of America, is rooted in severe discrimination and exploitation. The education system engendered a foundation that is grounded in the popular ideal of â€Å"the group† and â€Å"the other.† These groups dominated educational institutions for many generations and remained unchallenged despite growing unrest surrounding the popular belief. It was not until the 1950’s that this system ofRead MoreSocial, Cultural, And Economic Systems Responsible For Perpetuating Injustice1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthe social, cultural, and economic systems responsible for perpetuating injustice and inequality with illustrations underlying the importance of counselors’ acceptance of their professional, ethical, and moral responsibility in working with clients in transforming social justice systems. The book is divided into two parts where chapter contents include: challenging educational inequalities: school counselors as agents of social justice; gay and lesbian social justice: strategies for social advocacy;Read MoreThe Case Of Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission928 Words   |  4 Pagesthat its related clauses go against to the principle of freedom of speech in the constitution. The ruling follows a bitter boardroom dispute in all sides in America, which has profoundly affected the average American citizens, the country at large and other stakeholders. Firstly, it affects American citizens. On the one hand, in the year of Occupy Wall Street, large amount of the public protested this ruling, for that this ruling may lead to the corruption and make normal people lose their politicalRead MoreThe Case Of Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission912 Words   |  4 Pagessentencing that its related clauses go against to the principle of freedom of speech in constitution. The ruling follows a bitter boardroom dispute in all sides in America, which has profoundly affect the average American ci tizens, the country at large and other stakeholders. Firstly, it affects American citizens. On the one hand, in the year of Occupy Wall Street, large amount of the public protested this ruling, for that this ruling may leads to the corruption and make normal people lose their political

The Indians With Federal Supervision - 902 Words

The author believes the Indian New Deal will provide the Indians with new found benefits, many of which had been taken away from them by the government. The greatest benefit that the Indian New Deal would bring is the restoration of land. The Indians have been removed from their homes without a real excuse, and having their land back would be great. The New Deal would also prohibit the selling of land, making â€Å"Indian-owned land into tribal or community ownership†. With their land back the Indians would also free themselves from the suppression of their religious and social customs. This would all result in the benefit of self-government for the Indians with federal supervision, and if they prove being capable of self-government it could lead advancements in citizenship and their rights. The W.E.B DuBois refer to black soldiers as â€Å"Soldiers of Democracy† because they are coming back from war willing to fight for Democracy in the United States of America. They have fought in the war for the U.S and now they are coming to fight in it, to save Democracy. These soldiers claim that the problems of their country are their problems too, and that they would be cowards not to use their â€Å"brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land†. These soldiers are aware of the rights deprived to the nation’s citizens and are not willing to stand for it. Now that they have returned from war they are ready to fight for a real DemocracyShow MoreRelatedThe United States Federal Government Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pages The quality of life today for most Native Americans is drastically lower than that of the average non-Native American. Why? The United States federal government failed to continue the upward economic trajectory of the Native peoples. The aid and reconciliation Calvin Coolidge desired were not continued successfully. Instead, it is evident that while the Department of the Interior and the Presidential administrations after Coolidge have have had empathy and a desire for the Native Americans’Read MoreTribal Sovereignty : An Important Aspect Of Native American Society1492 Words   |  6 Pageslives are still under the control of the federal government. Tribal councils are still regarded as having tribal sovereignty, but they are limited by federal funding and authority. Sovereignty is a nation’s â€Å"relative independence from and among other states† (Cobb, 2005). In this case, tribal sovereignty of Native nations depends upon recognition by the United States. This is ironic; their tribal sovereignty has been â€Å"granted† to them by the Unites States federal government. No single nation is completelyRead MoreNegative Effects On Native Americans765 Words   |  4 Pagesbloodshed between the two groups as they fought over the land and survival. The Indians were also greatly affected by the many new disease brought to the New World from the Europeans. The government and the American people were looking for a permanent solution towards the Native Americans. President Andrew Jackson created and submitted the policy of Indian removal to the west of the Mississippi River to Congress. The Indian Removal Act gave the president the power to ignore the previous treaties andRead MoreNative Americans in Late 19th Century934 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Indians born in the USA are citizens and are subject to federal and tribal laws though not generally to the state laws. The federal law limits their self-governance hence they do not retain the all powers. They are endowed with the power to control the land use and ownership, execute their legal system (though under the supervision of the federal government particularly on criminal issues) as well as raise the local taxes. According to American Indians Cultural Network (2000), the federal reservationsRead MoreThe Recidivism Reduction And Public Safety Act764 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ In 2009 and 2010 nearly $15million was allocated by the Department of Justice to states, localities, and Indian tribes who wanted to improve drug treatment programs and discourage alcohol consumption (Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Weekly 1). †¢ Another grant program allocated funds up to $10 million for states, localities, and Indian tribes to â€Å"develop, implement or expand comprehensive family-based addiction treatment programs as alternatives to incarceration for parents convicted of non-violent offenses†Read MoreAmerican Indian Movement : Analysis Of Fbi And Bia s Treatment1042 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Indian Movement: Analysis of FBI BIA’s Treatment Martin Luther King Jr. best addresses the discrimination and oppression of Native Americans (NAs) in his book, Why We Can’t Wait (1964): Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. ...From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles of racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its IndigenousRead MoreThe Horrors Of The American Civil War1565 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction within Indian Territory were fresh. Yet, the presence of Indian Territory changed drastically between 1865 and 1889, because of the â€Å"Second Trail of Tears†, the unrest of the Southern Plains tribes of western Indian Territory, and the impact of U.S. Polices on Indian Territory. The Indian Nations lost nearly half their land due to the Reconstruction treaties of 1866, which required the land lost to be used for resettlement of more Indian tribes. Indian populations within Indian Territory didRead MoreIndian Health Service: Creating a Climate for Change1390 Words   |  6 PagesIHS is a very complex organization that serves the American Indian and Alaskan Native population. Effective health services for American Indians and Alaskan Natives had to integrate the philosophies of the tribes with those of the medical community. Because not all tribes signed treaties with the United States some people with Indian heritage were not eligible to participate with the federal government programs. Eligible people with Indian heritage were provided various services throughout the IHSRead MoreAmerican Renaissance (Literature)1541 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry and population, however, had a high cost. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing funds to t ransport the Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi. In 1834 a special Indian territory was set up in what is now Oklahoma. In all, the tribes ceded millions of hectares to the federal government during Andrew Jacksons two terms, and dozens of tribes were removed from their ancestral homelands. Most American Indians complied with the terms of the removal treaties, often with resignationRead More Indian Suffrage Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pages Indian Suffrage nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before the English arrived in the New world and began creating colonies, the American Indians lived in harmony and peace with natures. The American Indians were skilled hunters, farmers and used everything in their environment for survival or for essential necessities. They shared the land together and moved about freely in search of food. The American Indians never considered the lands their property because its belong to God and no one have the

Software Testing and School University Graduate Free Essays

Resume/CV Template Contact information Name Address Telephone Cell Phone Email Personal information Date of Birth Sex Optional personal information Marital Status Spouse’s Name Children Employment history List in chronological order, include position details and dates Work History Academic Positions Research and training Education Include dates, majors, and details of degrees, training and certification High School University Graduate School Post-Doctoral Training Professional qualifications Certifications and Accreditations Computer Skills Awards – if any Publications – if any Professional memberships – if any Interests Sample academic recommendation letter DATE: 20th August 2010 From Mr. Your professor name Lecturer, Department of Science, Your College, Chennai – 600018, India. | To whom so ever it may concern| Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Testing and School University Graduate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your name was my student during his undergraduate program. He is intelligent, hardworking and motivated student. His power of assimilation and his ability to grasp new concepts is good. His enthusiasm for work was conspicuous and he is proved himself to be a natural leader. Besides, he is also good in English language skills and has taken part in many debates and other literary activities. He has bagged many prizes in state-level inter collegiate contests. I am very sure that he will put forth all his efforts into any task he confronts. His positive outlook, capability to work with peers and his willingness to learn from his experimental situation bear testimony that he will do very well in this post graduate studies in your renowned institution. I strongly recommend Mr. Your name for admission to the post graduate program of your university. Thanking you, Yours sincerely (Mr. Your Lecturer name) Sample Work recommendation letter DATE: 12th June 2010 From Mr. Your professor name Project leader, Department of IT, Your Employer, Chennai – 600018, India. | To whom so ever it may concern| It is my great pleasure to write a letter of recommendation on behalf of Mr. Your name, for admission into your postgraduate program. I have know Mr. Your name since july 2007 in my capacity as senior HR executive with Your company name PVT LTd. Mr. Your name has exceeded expectations and has out – shined others in his work group. Mr. Your name strong work ethics, his ability to outperform and passion towards service excellence will be a value addition for your program. I am confident that Mr. Your name will be serious and enthusiastic candidate and someday a quiet successful senior level manager or entrepreneur that would be proud to call an alumini. If you need any additional information, please feel free to contact me over the phone or via email. Sincerely YOUR EMPLOYER NAME)| | Statement of purpose guidelines Review your essay by asking yourself the following questions: Are my goals well articulated? Do I explain why I have selected this school and/or program? Do I demonstrate knowledge of the program? Do I include interesting details that prove my claims about myself? Is my tone confident? Do’s Don’ts Don’ts 1. Please give more importance in writing SOP, most of them takes it very easy 2. Donâ⠂¬â„¢t underestimate the length of time it will take to write your statement of purpose 3. Don’t give your SOP work to be done by someone else 4. Don’t include all your activities, just something which is more important is enough 5. Don’t use any particular name of universities; always prepare a general SOP that can be used for many universities 6. Avoid lengthy personal or philosophical discussions unless the instructions specifically ask for them 7. Don’t exceed more than two pages 8. Avoid grammatical or spelling mistakes this will show your carelessness is writing this SOP. Do’s 1. Always prepare a rough draft or outline of topics. Mostly the topics will include professional career goals, academic interests, research experience, practical experience, special skill sets and reason for choosing a course 2. Always find the course requirement from the university and stick to the points which are specified by university 3. Emphasize everything from a positive perspective and write in an active voice 4. Demonstrate your skill sets by experience 5. Your essay should be well organised and everything is linked with continuity and focus 6. Pay more attention to first paragraph 7. Ask others to proof read your statement of purpose. Sample Statement of Purpose Glad to introduce myself as Mr. YOUR NAME, a Software Engineer at present, with 5 years of experience in Software Testing, Quality Analysis and Management. My career is my passion, and it holds my fullest devotion, dedication and commitment. I belong to the field of IT Services Management, which had been the dream I had, the obsession in me and the long term desire that had lingered in me for a long while. And finally, when I got into this, I could give nothing from me but the best. To add more value to the same, I have decided with the best thought of doing my Masters Degree from a reputed institution which would give me not only a degree but also a new style of learning with international standards, innovative methods of self-development skills and the ability of survival among the fittest. Hence, I was left with no other ideas and suggestions from experts, other than to join you, the Bolton University, which I believe should shape me and make myself qualifiedly fit for the IT Services Management skills and to the progress in the modern globalized cultures, technology and era. I hold my Under-Graduate degree, B. Sc in Computer Science which I had completed in the period June 2001 to May 2004 from the YOUR University, Tamil Nadu. I pursued my UG Degree in the YOUR College, Rajapalayam. The syllabus covered here gave me immense knowledge on Software Development, Software Building, Software Techniques, Hardware Configurations, Mathematical skills and Personality Development. I was elected to be the Students’ Chairman at my final year 2003-2004 which had inspired me to know more about the management skills. I was an ardent speaker, athlete and player at my college and finally passed out with prominence winning the â€Å"Best Outgoing Student† Award at my final year. As a starting point in my career, I got employed as a Software Test Engineer with the YOUR PLOYER technologies, Chennai during the period June 2004. It was here that my zeal had taken an initial contour. I was poured with surplus opportunities around me to learn, to explore, to build, to experiment, to renovate and to give a shape to myself. I learnt the concepts of IT services practically. I gained buoyancy in myself. And with that hope I moved to Accenture YOUR EMPLOYER Pvt Ltd, Chennai during the period August 2006. I was promoted as a Senior Programmer. From that time until now, I keep on renewing myself to the changes in the technologies, to the new ways novelty, the exciting facts of Software Testing and many more. I got certified with the National Stock Exchange of India in Financial Services and Capital Markets. I got certified with the IBM Services in Rational Functional Tester tool. I got certified with the HP Services in Quality Center – Defect Management tool and the Quick Test Professional tool. I am also certified with the International Software Testing Qualification Board, as a certified Manual Software Tester. I had won the Celebrating Performance Award from Accenture thrice, for having achieved extreme satisfaction levels from the clients, building my technical skills and for the professionalism I depict in my job. But my journey towards success is still a few more miles away. I need to sparkle in my career with a Masters Degree in my relevant field – the Services Management, without which my career would not be fulfilled. For this to occur, I need your help, your support and your guidance. The Bolton University gives its students a degree with a dignified knowledge of survival amidst the global standards and also makes you learn the professional development skills in creative leadership. I wish to be a part with you to develop myself in many such areas. Therefore, I request you to accept my purpose and make me move ahead in my career with more confidence and venerable knowledge. How to cite Software Testing and School University Graduate, Essay examples

Central Line Associated Infection Rates in USA

Question: 1: Writing an introduction .The introduction provides a detailed preview of the contents of the paper. 2: Calculates Central Line Associated Infection (CLABSI) rates from any hospital in USA and explains meaning of calculations. Write the definition of Incidence rates, Prevalence rates Incidence density rates, Attack rates, and Explanations of rates. Also, write Formulas for each calculation that is used to calculate the below definitions. Formula must be included in the paper as well. Calculations include: Used formula must be write. 1. Incidence rates. 2. Prevalence rates. 3. Incidence density rates. 4. Attack rates 3: Compares calculated rates above with National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) data. 4: The summary includes a detailed paragraph of what was presented in the paper. Answer: Introduction Healthcare associated infections are most commonly occurring incidences these days and have a rate of 5% in United States of America every year. CLABSI is one of the serious infections that are usually caused by the entry of germs in the bloodstream through central line for e g. Insertion of catheter etc. According to the progress report received from HAI (healthcare associated infections), among the national acute care hospitals, A significant decline has been found with 50% decrease in CLABSIs from 2008 to 2014 and in the long term acute care hospitals there is 9% decrease between 2013 and 2014. It is also found in researches that the rate of some targeted CLABSIs can decrease by 70% if the healthcare facilities, care teams, doctors and nurses are aware of such infectious problems and equipped with the required initiative to prevent such infections and a big number of hospitals have taken necessary steps to reduce such incidences. (Marsteller, 2014) CLABSI Rates in USA Hospitals Every year in United States, about 5% of the hospitalized patients are affected with HAIs out of which mortality of 12-25% has been reported to be the cases of CLABSIs which is very important, deadly and largely preventable. As per report from the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), there are a big number of patients who are suffering from such infections in the ICUs at big hospitals of United States of America. In year 2001, approximately 43,000 cases of CLABSIs happened between the patients hospitalized in ICUs in the United States of America and this number decreased to 18,000 in calendar year 2009. This is significant reduction in such infections being happened in hospitals of USA. (Pronovost, 2006) The patients hospitalized in ICUs acquire a bigger risk of CLABSI because 48 out of 100 patients of them have infected from central venous catheters which results into more than 15 million central lines per year in the ICUs of hospitals in United States of America. As per reports, about twenty eight thousand (28,000) patients die annually in hospitals of United States of America from CLABSI and there are numerous efforts taken every day to decrease this amount. CLABSI Rate Calculation The rate of central line blood stream infection rate is calculated by dividing the count of central line associating bloodstream infections by the central line days and then multiplying them by one thousand (1000). It is calculated when the infection of the patient is confirmed by a laboratory within 48 hours before the development of BSI and there is no infection detected at any other site. To get the CLABSI rate calculated it must meet 3 basic criteria: Patient must have a pathogen in its culture from one or more blood cultures taken. Any one of the symptom (fever, chills or hypotension) must be present in the patient to direct him/her to be seen as CLABSI. If the patient is found to be of age less than one year then the symptoms like fever, hypothermia, apnoea or bradycardia must be present to go for CLABSI diagnosis. Example: In Hospital ABC, 5 patients have been detected with pathogen out of 110 patients hospitalized in the ICU, while total number of patients admitted in hospital were 1135 during period January 2016, out of which no one was of age less than 1 year. The total population treated in the hospital during last 2 years is 12450. Incidence rates Incident rate is the resultant of the frequency with which a disease takes place in a population over a particular span of time. It can be measured as below:- Incidence rates = (new incidences occupying during a given period of time / total population on risk during the same time period) For given example, Incidence rate = (5 / 110) x 100 % = 4.54% This is near to the national rate of incidences. Prevalence rates Prevalence rate is the percentage of persons in a population who have detected with a particular disease at a specific time. Prevalence rate = (all new cases and pre-active cases during a time period / total population during the same time period) For given example, Prevalence rate = (5 / 1135) x 100 % = 0.44 % Incidence density rates It is the measure of number of diseases occurring over a population at a particular period of time. Incidence density = (number of disease onset) / (sum of person time @ risk) For example, the number of diseases onset at the time of hospitalization is 13 in the period of 2years Then, 13 / (12450-2) = 13 / 12448 = 0.10% This shows that the average rate of patients with incidence density is very much in accordance with the NHSN. Attack Rates It is the measure of new cases in a population in a specific time period separated by the population at risk at the beginning of time period multiplies by 100. Attack rates = (number of new cases observed at a period of time / total population at risk) * 100 For example, number of new cases observed are 46 Total population at risk is 12450 Therefore, (46 / 12450) * 100% = 0.36 % This is under control as per the data received from NHSN. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Data Comparison All the cases observing CLABSI in the hospitals of USA are submitted into the national database. These records are either entered directly or through CDC and NHSN .in 2009 annual survey, around 20 states were subjected to be the part of a project in the month of may and September, for the assessment purposes. From the analysis of recorded data these values came in from which are mentioned in the table below. Average CLABSI Rates with units reporting during ANY of the five time periods Information detailed reflective of data entered as of October 7, 2010. Done by NHSN Baseline 12 months prior to intervention cycle 1 Months 1-3 post intervention cycle 2 Months 4-6 post intervention cycle 3 Months 7-9 post intervention cycle 4 Months 10-15 post intervention participating States 20 20 20 20 20 Reporting units 384 436 435 434 402 Average CLABSI per unit 3.12 0.93 0.72 0.65 0.64 Average CL days per unit 1680 510 508 507 556 Average BSI rate 1.80 1.64 1.31 1.14 1.17 95% confidence interval (1.53 , 2.08) (1.39 , 1.89) (1.09 , 1.53) (0.94 , 1.35) (0.89 , 1.44) Change from baseline* NA -0.19 -0.53 -0.61 -0.59 @ 95% confidence interval (-0.58, 0.20) (-0.89,- 0.17) (-0.97,-0.25) (-1.01,-0.17) * Calculated on unpaired assessment of unit rates between time periods Summary A decline in the number of CLABSIs is seen between 2001 and 2009 from 3.64% to 1.65%.the national project team is highly alert in conducting these projects in future also so as to examine the change in values for such kind of infections. This will enable to create prevention awareness at a more progressive level. In the above mentioned data it is clear that in most parts of United States these type of infectious diseases are common but are being rapidly controlled also due to sudden and quick measurements taken by the national healthcare safety network. In 2001, an estimated number of 43,000 CLABSI patients were registered or admitted in ICUs in United States whereas in 2009 this number got highly reduced to 23,000 which is a good 58% reduction found in United States. (Richard, 1999) References Berenholtz, S., Lubomski, L., Weeks, K., Goeschel, C., Marsteller, J., Pham, J. et al. (2014). Eliminating Central LineAssociated Bloodstream Infections: A National Patient Safety Imperative.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,35(01), 56-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674384 Pronovost, P., Needham, D., Berenholtz, S., Sinopoli, D., Chu, H., Cosgrove, S. et al. (2006). An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU.New England Journal of Medicine,355(26), 2725-2732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa061115 Richards, M., Edwards, J., Culver, D., Gaynes, R. (1999). Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States.PEDIATRICS,103(4), e39-e39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.4.e39 Vital Signs: Central LineAssociated Blood Stream InfectionsUnited States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. (2011).Annals of Emergency Medicine,58(5), 447-450. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.035