Invictus †Path Goal Theory Essay

â€Å"Invictus†, is a powerful movie representing what Nelson Mandela taking the office as the first black president of South Africa and set to accomplish great things. Nelson Mandela was the founder and lead of the African National Congress and spent 27 years in prison on charges for sabotage against the white military and government to end apartheid. The movie starts with his release from prison on February 11, 1990 greeted by the black population eager to fight while the white population was expecting the worse from it. The environment factors changed dramatically for Nelson and he found himself ready to forgive those that imprisoned him and call them comrades. His amazing strength of character can be recognized in the movie and the Path-Goal Theory’s leadership behaviors can be found along with them. Path Goal Theory Path-Goal Theory argued that subordinates’ motivation, satisfaction and work performance are dependent on the leadership style chosen by their superior. Moreover, a person may perform these by adopting a certain leadership style, based on the situation. I’ve picked Nelson Mandela as the leader. Mandela has a very difficult task of uniting a country that has been for so long divided and full of hatreds. After his release the black people started riots and Mandela addressed them as a directive leader to the black crowd in Durban, on February 25, 1990 asking to lay down the arms and end the war, saying â€Å"My message to those involved in this battle of brother against brother is this: take your guns, your knives, and your pangas and throw them into the sea. Close down the death factories. End this war now! † Mandela speaks clearly about what’s required of South Africa and give them directions to accomplish it. He realized that his embattled country needs to unite efforts regarding of race to be able to build a future together. Once a fighter against the regime, he realizes now that only peace and unified efforts can lead to progress and leaving peacefully together. He sets directives as such. Later on, when he won the presidential elections and he is sworn as a president on May 10, 1994 and he wants the best for his country, to stop the suffering and suppression of his people, he asks for building a new country together. â€Å"We must act together as a united people, or national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world†¦Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. † His message is directive, strong and clear. He had an amazing ability to change depending on the environment contingency factors. On the first day to take office the President Mandela talks to the staff of the former president when he sees them packing and assuming that they’ll get fired from their positions and they are no longer needed. He becomes a supportive leader and asks for their help. He combines it with directive leadership asking them to do their work to their best abilities. â€Å"If you want to leave that’s your right; that you can’t work with your new government leave but if you pack because your language, color or you work for the previous president disqualifies you have no fear. The past is the past. We look into future and we want your help. If you want to stay you’ll do your country a huge favor. Best abilities and a good heart. I promise to do the same. Our country will be shining†. This shows Mandela strong support and commitment for understanding and unifying efforts among white and blacks. Addressing to a white majority with kind words and pledge and asking for help proves one more time Mandela’s ability to change his leadership style according to the situation and change. Mandela’s commitment to a supportive leader surface again when he assigns four white men to the security team and talk to the head of the security that has assignment concerns since the white security forces were the very men that fought against them and may have killed their friends and colleagues. Mandela shows support and consideration to the chief’s feelings and takes the time to explain why he made the decision. â€Å"Reconciliation starts here†¦ Forgiveness starts here, too. Forgiveness liberates the soul. It removes fear. This is why it’s such a powerful weapon. Please Jason, try. † The president appeals at the very inner soul of the security chief. To help people reaching to the same goal Mandela saw a rare opportunity in the rugby team. He knew that blacks spent years to hate the game and the Springbok, the rugby team, since for them it represented the white supremacy and their boycott hurt them. Mandela himself admits doing just the same while in prison on the Robben Island. This time he thinks about using Springbok to unite people and that the team needs to become winners. With one year until World Rugby Cup 1995 to be played in South Africa, and him just taking office, Mandela doesn’t lose time and invites Francois Pienaar, the Springbok captain, for tea in his office to indirectly letting him know about what achievement is expecting of him: to win the World Rugby Cup in 1995 that would be hosted by South Africa. â€Å"You have a difficult job. Captain of the Springbok†¦ We need to exceed our expectations. † said Mandela. This accomplishment was very challenging since the rugby team’s performance was low but president set up his expectations very high requiring the team to perform accordingly. One important moment of Mandela’s directive leader abilities are captured when he fights the new Rugby Sport Association, composed of mostly blacks, to not drop Springbok’ name, emblem and the team colors. As we can see, Mandela was not only challenged by the white population but by his black people, too. The blacks don’t support the team because they viewed it as it represents the prior suppression. However, Mandela saw as his duty to keep the Springbok’s name, emblem and colors. â€Å"You reached a decision with insufficient info and foresight. I am here to ask you to restore Springbok, the name, emblem and color because , learn enemy to prevail, enemy is not Africana, they are partners in democracy, they treasure Springbok rugby, if we take it away we lose them. We prove that we are what they feared we would be. We have to be better than that. To surprise with with compassion, generosity. They denied us but this is not revenge time, we have to build the nation using every brick, even if it’s green and gold. You elect me as leader. Let me lead you know. Who is with me? † Mandela asks the current leaders to change tactics and work towards a peaceful environment. It’s a lot to ask but Mandela’s strong commitment for unity prevails. The very task of uniting the country through rugby shows a supportive leader towards white’s value and love for a sport that meant the world to them: rugby. â€Å"Rugby is a human calculation. If we take away what they cherish we enforce the circle of fear. I must do what it takes to break the circle. † Mandela even learns the name of the players to be able to address them by name making it very personally and proving his concerns for their well-being. Mandela showed participative leader skills in the movie by working closely with his stuff on key decisions; however, since the movie revolves around rugby we can see him consulting more with the Minister of Sports to understand how the rugby team can get better until the world cup. He learns the rugby game, rules of the games, qualifications in the world cup and the audience the sport reaches. â€Å"A billion people watch us? What a great opportunity! † He learns about the New Zealand team history to understand Springbok chances to win. â€Å"How can we beat them†? It’s not enough, not when we are so close. This country is ready for greatness. It’s amazing to see how one person that once hated even the world rugby and wanted Springbok to lose now puts every effort in the positive direction to participate and contribute towards winning. Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectations of a given outcome and its attractiveness. There are links to it: the effort that leads to performance (effort), performance that lead to rewards (performance) and the reward that satisfy the personal goals (reward). One follower of President Mandela’s leadership is the security chief, Jason. His assignment is to be president’s bodyguard. His effort goes into protecting the newly black elected president, which is a big task on hand. When the white security forces join the team he makes a special effort to work together as explained above understanding that the whites are very well trained and he needed extra people. His performance depends on his team performance. Jason’s efforts go into extra precautions when the president attends the rugby games. He knows that performing his job very well is the only way he can protect the president. The movie doesn’t portrait a money reward upon performing very well. The reward comes in pride of protecting the president and willing to sacrifice his own life to protect presidents’. His well performed job was satisfying his personal goal of protecting the president. In a way his willingness to follow the president’s advice of reconciliation leads to a good bodyguard team and turns into a good teamwork. The scene where they all play rugby proves one more time the good relationships and their unique goal of taking care of the president. Springbok captain, Francois Pienaar, proves to have strength to act on the of president’s expectations. Francois’ meeting with the President Mandela is a turning point in his career. He is asked to perform better than anyone expected and his efforts will be recognized by the president himself. The fact that the president shows interest in his performance makes him want to put every effort in achieving the unthinkable: to win the world cup. The president’s trust in his abilities makes him believe that his work will lead to performance. To inspire him to perform better the president asks the captain how he inspires the team and what his philosophy on leadership is. â€Å"Sometimes by using the work of other†¦Words helped me to stand up when all I wanted was to lay down. The song inspires me to do better. † Mandela was referring to the national South Africa song, â€Å"God Bless Africa†. He also was referring to the â€Å"Invictus† a poem whose words kept him going while he was in prison. At one point he writes the poem on a paper and gives it to the rugby captain for inspiration to perform better. The captain puts the effort in to teach his team the song knowing it will lead to better performance. The Springbok is asked to perform clinics around the country and he complies understanding that times change and they need to change as well. The team puts the effort into it and manages to perform the clinics. The smiles on the black kids’ faces when they are teach rugby by the national team is a reward to their effort to change and contribute to the unity effort. Another turning point is when the captain takes them to the island where the president was in prison. They visit the prison to get a feeling for what the president experienced. The president’s prison cell had a just a tin mattress on the floor and a chair. He remembers the poem and understands the deep meaning and his fight for survival. â€Å"I am a master of my faith. I am the captain of my soul. † He knows that his hard work will be paid off and he has a good shot to win the cup that will mean a lot to his embattled country just like the president’s long fight was rewarded with his freedom. In a way winning the World Cup was liberation from the long battle between blacks and whites. It was his duty to fight now and win. The Springbok won every game in the World Rugby Cup and it culminated with the finals play against the New Zealand, which was an unstoppable team. They won the finals, too. It’s an historic moment for every person in the country but it was an extraordinary moment of reward when the president himself dressed in a Springbok shirt and wearing their hat gives the cup to the Springbok captain. The captain aimed for performance beyond expectations and achieved the best. His personal goal was achieved. Springbok’s captain is a good example of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation given the motivation and relationship that he builds with the president. But Springbok’s captain can’t accomplish his task by himself. His team is another example of a follower of captain’s dream and goal. Captain becomes the leader and his team the followers. Their own effort to train better, to reach to the black kids, to learn the national anthem, perform the best to their abilities and beyond, and believe in the winning it’s rewarded by winning the World Rugby Cup 1995. They are bought slowly in by the captain belief for a better performance and play. They see their efforts fructify with every game won and push forward with an ecstasy and growing enthusiasm never felt before. One touching moment is right before the finals when they sing the anthem along with the whole stadium. When the president comes and shakes their hand in their own shirt and colors they are proud of their efforts and hard work. This is a completely different picture than the one at the first game when almost everyone boomed the president when he shook the hands of the team. At the end of the game with New Zeeland, the president presents the cup to Francois saying, â€Å"Francois thank you for what you’ve done for the country. And Francois replied, â€Å"No, Mr. President. Thank you for what you’ve done. † â€Å"One team one country† finally became reality. People celebrated the victory regardless of their gender and color. The victory was felt sweet and there couldn’t have been a better reward than feeling pride of a job very well done. This was one historic moment that will always be cherished by South Africa.

How to Pack a Suitcase

Process Analysis: How to Pack a Suitcase Zakera Marsh Bryant & Stratton College ENG101 Research and Writing 1 Mr. Young March 7, 2013 It’s that time of year again; time to plan a trip, but where to? A mini vacation to the Bahamas for five days via Carnival Cruise will have to do. Just thinking about the process of packing a suitcase is a headache. Packing a suitcase is not so hard, especially when you have the proper steps to complete this task. Packing a suitcase requires one to be organized and prepared. First, it starts off to where you are going; in this case to the warm and beautiful Bahamas.The trip is going to be for five days; five days equals one large sized suitcase. A suitcase is a portable case designed to hold a traveler’s clothing, personal articles, and any other recommendations. Packing accordingly to the weather is important. The things that are need in the suitcase included: five different outfits of choice, three pair of shorts, a two pair of capris, a beach dress, five t-shirts, and maybe a dressy blouse. Also include undergarments, socks, and a few pair of pajamas, possibly a couple different workout clothes like basketball shorts or tights and couple tank tops.Lastly for the outfits includes the shoes, a pair of sneakers, a pair of nice dress shoes, a pair of slippers, and two pairs of flip flops. Also after everything is gathered, an extra outfit should be packed just in case along with undergarments. Now it is time for the essentials. These include: toothpaste, toothbrush, floss, lotion, deodorant, hair products, a brush, a comb, maybe makeup, medicine and vitamins if needed, a camera, money, identification card, and a birth certificate or passport if needed.Other things include: a bathing suit, a light sweater or jacket, and a towel and a washcloth, even though they provide them for you, but I prefer my own. Now that you have everything you need to pack in your suitcase, let’s begin packing! First start by opening u p the suitcase with the zipper provided. Pick up one pair of shoes and place it into any corner of the suitcase. At the same time, take the remaining pair of shoes and make a straight line, putting them towards the opposite corner.Next comes the outfits, take all of the articles of clothing and lay them out flat. Start with the pants, which are the shorts and capris. First bring the lefts of the capris together, fold down the middle seam at the hips with the back pockets together and the front facing out (â€Å"3 Ways to Roll Clothes – wikiHow†, n. d. , p. xx-xx). Next bring the ends of the legs up, fold the capris so that the ends of the legs and top of the pants are even. Roll the capris, starting at the open end and smoothing as you go.Do this to the remanding capris and shorts. Afterward are all of the t-shirts. Make sure they are flat and bring the ends of the sleeves together and fold the shirt in hold down the back. Lay each t-shirt on one, place the arms onto t he body of the folded shirt, keeping them together, and then roll down from the collar (â€Å"3 Ways to Roll Clothes – wikiHow†, n. d. , p. xx-xx). While this is in mind take your dressed, blouse, and undergarments and do the same thing related to the t-shirts. Last but not least are the socks.Place one beneath another with the top one about two inches or five centimeters below the bottom one, roll from the first sock on the bottom, with the first roll coming right to the top of the second sock (â€Å"3 Ways to Roll Clothes – wikiHow†, n. d. , p. xx-xx). This is how you are going to do each pair of your socks. Now that the articles of clothing are all rolled up, take them one by one, preferably starting with the shorts and place them in an open corner on top of each other working your way down as each stack gets higher. Do this with each article of clothing.Yes! The clothing is packed! Unfortunately we are not quite done yet. Next are the toiletries. Take the toothbrush, toothpaste, floss, lotion, and deodorant and place them one by one into a large gallon sized zipped lock baggy close it and place them on top of your clothes. Then get another large sized gallon bag and place your hair products in it, which may include: travel size moisturizer, shampoo, and conditioner and a comb and brush, and any makeup into the other zip lock baggy then close it up and place it next to the first baggy.The camera and medicine or vitamins will go into the middles of your suitcase on top of the clothes. The money, identification card, birth certificate, or passport can go inside of your wallet, purse, or carry-on bag. It is not necessary for these items to go inside of your suitcase because you do not want the hassle of unzipping that large suitcase and rummaging through it for some money and stuff. All of the other things, like a bathing suit can be rolled up like the t-shirt.The sunglasses will go inside of a sunglasses case and be placed inside o ne sneaker which was placed in the corner of the suitcase. Finally, everything is packed, close the suitcase, then zip it up, now it is time for your trip. Packing a suitcase allows you to be more organized and prepared. It entitles you to prepare for a trip; whether it is to the warm and beautiful Bahamas or during winter time in freezing, cold New York City.The process is not rocket science; just gather all of your appropriate attire of the number of days planned, and grab an extra outfit just in case. Make sure you have your shoes and all your personal needs. All of these things will fit, just do not go overboard and bring unnecessary stuff. Then this will make you frustrated if it all cannot fit. Therefore, being prepared and organized before packing a suitcase is important. Reference 3 Ways to Roll Clothes – wikiHow. (n. d. ). wikiHow – How to do anything. Retrieved  March  7, 2013, from http://www. wikihow. com/Roll-Clothes

Assessment of Office Worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Assessment of Office Worker - Essay Example As part of his main responsibility at work, David spends most of his time answering customer queries through phone calls. Even though David has his own workstation, his working area is also used by other staff members whenever he is not present in the office. Since Tom has been absent from work, David has no choice but to accept the additional work load. For several months, David has constantly been complaining about body aches that usually start with the neck portion going across the shoulders and arms. Despite the effort of a nurse from the occupational health team, David’s overall working health condition has not improved. Chronic pain associated with the upper limbs could significantly affect a person’s work performances, mood, sleeping habits and social relationship with other people. (Carr & Mann, 2000) For this reason, it is necessary to control and manage the main sources of upper limb pains in order to increase the employees’ attention and performance at work. (Asmundson, Norton, & Vlaeyen, 2004) will evaluate David’s current working condition within the call centre environment. Based on research evidences and other relevant legislative requirements, the control risk factors that may contribute to musculoskeletal problems will be identified and critically analysed. Eventually, the researcher will assess his workstation in relation to the standard office chair without arm rests; the standard wrist rest design for keyboard and mouse; a telephone headset with a single ear phone and a microphone; the new flat screen monitor that he uses in the office; a typical rectangular desk that measures 1600mm wide by 800mm deep. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will recommend new strategies that could lessen the intensity level of David’s upper limb discomfort. Office workers are very much exposed to working environment hazards related to noise, changes in the room temperature, and other ergonomic-related problems that

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave Term Paper

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave trade) - Term Paper Example The treatment the slaves received during this time in history cannot be compared to any other type of annihilation on human beings and culture. The New world consisted of north, central and south America. The Atlantic slave trade began as a trade between the Old World and the New World in the Americas began to increase. As technology on European ships, became greater and gave ships a better ability to travel through the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean. A process of triangular trade started to occur. The first portion of the triangle would be from transporting the goods from Europe to Africa in order to purchase slaves2. The second would be the trade of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The third portion of the triangle would be the final goods being exported from the Americas to Europe. This triangle of trade is the system that was used throughout the bulk of the Atlantic slave trade era. Europeans believed the use of slaves would help fix their labor shortage problem3. They ove rworked the natives of the New World, and many would die from being run into the ground or from diseases. The Europeans labor supply in the New World was dwindling and so their solution to their immediate problem was to import labor from Africa in order to expand their production and wealth. The Atlantic slave trade became a vital part in the Industrial Revolution. Portugal was the first European country to participate in slave trading. Other European countries that were participating in slave trading were England, France, Spain and the Netherlands as well as the United States from across the Atlantic Ocean4. These nations would purchase slaves from African community leaders, and they would pick them up from outposts that were created for the purpose of the slave trade on the western coast of Africa where the slaves were taken from the central and Western parts of the continent. They would then be boarded onto ships like cargo and were transferred to the Americas cheaply and quickly . The slaves then became the legal property of the proprietor and could be sold at the market; much like material goods or services5. It has been estimated that the number of slaves brought across the Atlantic Ocean amounts to 12 million individuals with about a million individuals dying during cargo ship transportation. The highest number of immigrants from the Old World into the New World, actual numbers of slaves procured from slave traders has accounted to be much higher. The racism we see today towards individuals of African descent stemmed from the slavery they were subjected to6. Human beings would be on equals otherwise, as are all born as such. Walter Rodney’s perspective on racism states that "Above all, it was the institution of slavery in the Americas which ultimately conditioned racial attitudes, even when their more immediate derivation was the literature on Africa or contacts within Europe itself. It has been well attested that New World slave - plantation soci ety was the laboratory of modern racism. The owners contempt for and fear of the black slaves was expressed in religious, scientific and philosophical terms, which became the stock attitudes of European and even Africans in subsequent generations7. Although before and after the slave trade era there had been contributions to the racist philosophy, the historical experience of blacks being enslaved by the whites for four centuries established the tie between racist and color prejudice, and created individual racists, as well as

Gold Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gold - Research Paper Example Introduction Gold is a dense element having a shiny, soft and malleable surface. Its chemical symbol is Au which comes from a Latin word Aurum. It has an atomic number of 79. Gold is among the non-reactive metal, thus, it many functional uses in manufacturing industries and natural environments. It has rust resistance i.e. does not react with oxygen. It is a good conductor of electricity being able to convey a very tiny electrical current in temperature ranging from -550 to +2000. 1 This metal is among the most ductile metals, thus, it allows to be molded into very small threads or wires without breaking. Furthermore, gold is malleable. This makes it possible to be shaped into extraordinary thin sheets. It is known to be the least absorptive material, but most reflective of infrared energy. Gold with a high purity has the capability of reflecting 99 percent of infrared rays. Also, gold is among the best heat conductors or thermal energy. This makes it to be used to transfer heat away from very delicate instruments, like electronics. Gold alloys, being the most tenacious and long performing material that is used to guard electronics against high temperatures produced by them. Place on earth where gold is mined include Australia, Alaska, Spain, South Africa (Witwatersrand) and other parts of Africa. South Africa remains one of the biggest gold producers in the world. Figure1. Sample image of gold in a pan taken from gold mine in Alaska. Its shinny and can be seen from a far distance in the pan. General properties Below table gives the major general properties of gold which are going to be discussed further and distinguished into chemical or physical classification. General properties of gold. Atomic Mass 196.9655 g.mol -1 Boiling Point 3129 K, 5173  Ã‚ °F, 2856  Ã‚ °C Standard potential +1,68 V ( Au+/ Au ) Ionic Radius 0.137 nm (+1) Vander Waal Radius 0.144 nm Density 19.3 g.cm-3 at 20 °C Electronic Shell [ Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s1 History Discovered Middle easte rn (Before 6000 BC) Table1. The common properties of gold material, It shows both physical and also the chemical properties of gold. Occurrence in Nature It occurs in its compound and also in native state (It’s Free State). 2 Gold is not combined with any other element in nature. Telluride (a compound of element Tellurium) is the most common compounds of gold. For example, gold telluride (AuTe 2) is mostly composed of mineral calavarite. Also, gold is found in Nuggets and chunks large enough to see. 3 This enables people to mine gold by picking and collecting it from the rivers and streams. Gold estimation abundance in the earth crust is around 0.005 Parts per Million. 3 This makes a very small fraction as compared to Iron and other metals. Many people believe that, about 70 million tons of gold are found in oceans. This has led to many ocean exploration of gold by many individuals and also some hold a belief that around 10 billion tons of gold are found at ocean bottoms. How evwer, no one has ever found a means or a mining way to exploit that bottom gold. Researchers are working extremely hard to discover a way to exploit that bottom ocean gold, dissolved in seawater. Figure2. Pieces of gold attached to a chunk of quartz. Gold is found in Nu

Implement a data warehousing solution alongside the formation of a Assignment

Implement a data warehousing solution alongside the formation of a business analytics - Assignment Example The concept also encompasses multiple other functional aspects such as data mining and process optimization (Kearney, n.d.). Apart from these, the system design of the data warehouse also varies depending on an organization’s functional needs. The detailed elaborations regarding such system variations are discussed in relation to which data warehousing can be performed effectively. Moreover, the present scenario also illustrates the structuring and implementation of a data warehousing solution within Morrison Plc, a leading supermarket chain currently functional within the UK. The company has been performing operations with the intention of meeting the needs of customers in an effective manner. In this regard, the company has adopted and implemented different strategies that are centred on the customers by providing distinctive products that .include food, integration with manufacturing business and craft skills. Subsequently, the company with the aim of attaining a competitiv e position has focused on value and quality of products and/or services provided to the customers (Kimballb, n.d.). The objective also encompasses the formation of a ‘business analytics department’ within the ‘corporate headquarter of Morrisons Plc’. Likewise, the discussion entails an in-depth elaboration of all the potential issues that may emerge during planning, implementation and systematic utilization of the data warehouse system (Kimballb, n.d.). Morrisons Plc was founded during the period of 1899 as a small retail business process within the domestic markets in the UK. However, over time, this brand has projected drastic levels of expansion within its functional structure and thus, has eventually transformed itself as the fourth largest supermarket business within the UK. Morrisons plc currently holds a market share of approximately 11 per cent of the total supermarket retail business of the UK (Wm Morrison

How does the western model of Internet Banking apply to Russia Literature review

How does the western model of Internet Banking apply to Russia - Literature review Example Recently many banks have adopted online banking. With its boom in the United States and the United Kingdom, online baking has subsequently spread to other areas, Russia included. Victor (2008, p. 724) asserts that although this is the era of internet boom in many regions of the world and that more developed countries are increasingly using the internet for various ways, the reality is that most of the developing countries are yet to fully adopt the internet and embrace it as a way of doing business. The online banking, commonly referred to as the internet banking is one of the newest forms of banking adopted by banks in the developed countries. According to Arnaboldi (2009, p. 1), â€Å"a few pioneering banks started to offer products via the internet in the mid-nineties.† This shows long the service has been on going in the European-banking sector. However, Russia and other Eastern Europe countries are yet to realize the dream of conducting most of their banking operations wi th convenience of their mobile phones and computers. Hopes of these people transforming their banking services and fully going digital are still alive, if the current changes and improvements in the banking sector are anything to go by. More and more, banks in the Russian region have embraced the need to go online, with many customers already subscribing to internet banking. While the previous technologies used in the country were unreliably painful to the customers, current innovative improvements in the sector provide hopes for a full transformation of the entire sector. However, not all western banking models are applicable in the Russian situation. A few modifications are necessary to make it compatible with the Russian customer base. This is because of the differences in customer base between the developed and the developing countries (Jaruwachirathanakul & Fink 2005 p. 302). The slow nature of the internet banking penetration rate of the people constrains the hopes of growing and expanding this sector to robust volumes such as in the United States and on the United Kingdom. Hopes for growing the sector are still high, as 10-12 per cent of the total bankable population are ready and more than willing. This percentage loves the convenience of the internet, as well as its efficiency. The biggest booster of this trend is the adoption of the emoney and the money kiosks industry. Most of the banks offering internet banking in Russia offer payment services. This is however, a misconception about the whole issue about internet banking, a notion held by most of these banks’ customers. Initially, banks offer banks offer iBanking services to their customers, with only the opportunity to make their payments. The biggest advantage for this service is its ability to reduce the transaction costs for the customers. However, banks miss out from making sales, which were potentially available for the banks to exploit. Mols (2000, p. 12) stresses on the important rol e-played by the internet to business organizations in marketing their products and services. according to Mols, (2000, p. 14), the increase in online marketing offers business organizations unlimited opportunities to advertise and sell their products and services. As such, many organizations have introduced online sales that allow customers to search and pay for the ownership of goods. Benefits accrued from online banking cannot be underestimated. In most cases, young men aged between 25

Wine production and tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wine production and tourism - Essay Example This study makes an attempt of a context and critical review of the study â€Å"Wine Production and Tourism: Adding Service to a Perfect Partnership†. The study focused in Western Australia and used a modified SERVQUAL methodology.The findings of the study are three folds. The study first of all found out that, Operators are on balance, performing on the most important product and service attributes based on a sample of 353 visitors to two wineries. Secondly, the researchers stressed the importance of the cellar-door concept and corresponding service levels to the future success of wine-tourism operations. The study further found out that, success depends not only on the quality of the wine being offered but also on the way it is offered for sale within the cellar-door environment the by emphasizing the concept of service delivery and augmentation.From the findings, the cellar-door concept now means that the quality of service received during a visit is as likely as the wine i tself to drive future wine sales. However, the study in itself failed to explain the complexity of factors that led visitors to place such high importance on this attribute.Of Late, wine tourism has not only proven as a growing area of special-interest through out the world but has attracted the attention of researchers. According to the researchers Palmer & Neil (2004), the sector has been largely applauded for its wide range of benefits, including foreign-exchange earnings, the creation of full- and part time jobs, the generation of secondary economic activity and the ability to generate substantial long-term wealth and sustain steady tourism growth for these regions. The work of Palmer & Neil (2004), attempts to bridge the knowledge gap by adding to the existing literature. 2.0 Problem Statement and Research Questions In the study, Palmer & Neil (2004) argued that, the fact that wine tourism is confronted by a range of critical development issues that have the potential to interfere with its sustainability and long-term profitability. Visitors' perceptions of the service received at the cellar door have become a focal point. The main research question investigated in the study is stated below. The study investigated the quality of the wine being offered, the way it is offered for sale within the cellar-door environment. Thus, what are the attributes of service quality as applied to Visit wineries What are the implications for marketing for studying repeat behaviour Issues such as what motivates repeat caravanning behaviours are addressed further. 2.1 Objectives and Purpose of Study According to the researchers, the study was conducted to identify the attributes of service quality as they apply to visits to wineries through a survey of visitors to wineries in Western Australia. Another objective was "to find out the emergence and significance of wine tourism as a new growth sector of truly global proportions. At the same time, the study further finds out the scope and characteristics of repeat behaviour. 2.2 Research Structure The research is divided in to four main areas. Section one introduces the research and the subject matter, highlighting the main themes and problem statement of the work. Section two reviewed previous literature on wine tourism emphasizing the importance. Focus is on the work of Johnson (1997). Section three provides the methods used to gather

Communicating laboratory procedures Essay Example for Free

Communicating laboratory procedures Essay Laboratory procedures and practices must be communicated in a laboratory, because to keep the risk as minimum as possible by storing the chemical products in an appropriate and safe manner. A staff member shall be responsible for all stored chemicals and their use. All products must be labelled so that the researcher can identify and communicate the identity of the sample for laboratory staff. Unidentified chemical should be treated as infectious and disposed of in a proper way. All chemicals should be stored in suitable containment appropriate to hazard the agent. Containers used for storage must be enclosed or sealed. Accurate inventory should be maintained for the purpose of assessing risk and reducing unnecessary handling. Inventory must be updated to a minimum, annually. Each chemical container must also be labelled with the name or code of the chemical, the name and contact information of the user. This information must be legible to the environment is stored, i. e. indelible. A laboratory to reduce the risk good sanitation is essential to protect the integrity and chemicals. Cleaning routine should be invoked to provide work areas free from significant sources of contamination. It should be clean-up actions based on the higher degree of risk to the safety of individuals and the pilot may be exposed. Laboratory staffs are responsible for cleaning the seats in laboratories and equipment and areas that require specialised technical knowledge. Some laboratory cleaning connects: Â  Keeping laboratory clean and uncluttered surfaces must be clean and free of chemicals commonly used, glassware and instruments. Way to washbasin, eyewash areas, emergency showers and exits, and fire suffocations must not be blocked. Â  The proper clearance of chemicals and excess Old should not be used and the clearance of chemicals promptly and correctly. Â  Arranging a workplace which is free of physical hazards corridors and passageways must be free of subsiding hazards. Concentration must be given to electrical safety, particularly as it reveals to the use of extension cords, appropriate grounding of instrument and deterrence of the production of electrical hazards in wet areas. All laboratory instruments needs to be cleaned and verified of being free of hazards before being issued for correction or assistance. (Safetyfirstaid, 2009) All protective equipment must be cleaned, laundered and disposed of by the member of staff. Apparel contaminated with human blood or other potentially infectious materials should be handled as little as possible and needs to be collected in special boxes, labelled or colour coded. Laundry will be cleaned according to the specific laboratory operating procedures laundry facility. Appropriate protective equipment must be worn by member of staff who handles contaminated laundry. The inflammable hazard is evident when gases such as hydrogen, methane, and acetylene are acknowledged. However, the fire hazard can be appended greatly. Staff must avoid the dangers of fire risk, high-pressure gas. A very brief contact with liquids or materials at low temperatures can cause burns similar to burns from high temperature contacts. The eyes are particularly vulnerable to this type of exposure, so safety glasses are required. Suppliers of care of health are invited to subject an agreed whole of data for each audit. The data are contained in an environment very blocked, are analysed and adjusted the risk and are applied, with recommendations for the improvement. Feedback is via the annual reports available to the patients, the clinicians, the combined professionals of health, the information management and the personnel. The data gathered are replaced year-on-year to confirm progress and tend. Most audit checks also provide fast, secure, online information allows contributors to see from their own computer how their organisation is performing against agreed standards at national level if available and in comparison with other trusts and networks. Although several audits have been in operation for a short period of time, other more established checks already leading to improvements in direct patient care. For example, the audit of heart attack led to improvements in treatment following a stroke and more patients taking drugs that are effective when they are discharged. (NHS, 2009) All in all communicating laboratory procedures is important because laboratories are inherently fairly dangerous places, e. g. Physics laboratories often have high voltage electricity or ionising radiation, Chemistry laboratories have dangerous chemicals and Biology laboratories have biological hazards such as microorganisms that can cause diseases. The risk in a particular laboratory depends almost entirely on what happens to it. It is only through careful assessment by a qualified and experienced and then they identify risks establishing and following safe working practices in a laboratory can be done in a reasonably safe place to work. Audits are introduced to measure the quality of patient care and improvements over time. Security measures may include things such as training of personnel, exhaust systems, natural obstacles, and alternative less hazardous chemicals that achieve the same result. Nmsu, 2008. http://www. nmsu. edu/safety/images/signs/symbol2d. jpg Safetyfirstaid, 2009. http://www. safetyfirstaid. co. uk/images/catalogue/product/SG0088-L. jpg Weird, 2009. http://www. weird. fr/images/logo_405x401_hazard_highly_flammable. jpg NHS, 2009. http://www. ic. nhs. uk/statistics-and-data-collections/audits-and-performance/national-clinical-audits.

Education On Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Education On Health Promotion Essay Q. 1 Validity is said to be the power to convince about the conclusions that have been found. It is the strength that the conclusion has to convince others on the facts that have been outlined. There are said to be four types of validity namely external, conclusion, construct and internal validity (http://www. brainyquote. com). The external validity is about the ability to generalize the findings to other settings, the conclusion looks for a relationship between the outcomes and the program, the construct validity determines the presence of a relationship between concepts in a study and an actual casual relationship and finally the internal validity looks for the relationship between the study object and the outcomes of the study. On the other hand, reliability is said to be the ability to get the same results over and over again when performing the same test at different times (http://www. asiamarketresearch. com). It is said to estimate how consistent your measurements are. For a tool of measurement to be reliable, it has to give the same results when used at different times by different people to measure the same thing. It can be tested through using different questions that measure the same thing to see if the answers are consistent while the test/retest method means getting the same findings for the same test done at different times but under the same conditions. Validity and reliability will be used in the dissertation to test the conclusion. First checking on the reliability of the tools of measurements does this. This ensures that the data provided for the study is to be trusted as being correct. It also helps eliminate the data that contains some inconsistencies. Once all the reliable data has been compiled, it can then be used to arrive at some conclusion. This conclusion will be valid if all the measurements that have been done have involved the data that was supposed to be measured. If one has been using the correct data using reliable tools then the conclusion will be a valid one. The correct questions have to be asked in relation to the topic and the measurement tools have to be reliable for the conclusion to be valid. Q. 2 When starting a project one begins with choosing a topic on which to research on (http://www. ri. net/schools/East_Greenwich/research. html). This topic should not be too general as to include subjects that are not relevant to the researcher instead it should be very specific on what is to be research on. When choosing a topic, one uses the tool of research called the â€Å"human mind†. This is because a topic is chosen according to how the researcher perceives the surroundings and thus requires reasoning and analyzing which uses the brain. Next is gathering the relevant background information concerning the topic. This can be done through the use of the computer and its software. It is done to get the most basic information on the chosen topic. This information can be supplemented by the use of the library where one can find encyclopedias among other sources. This information is used to refine the chosen topic (http://www. ri. net/schools/East_Greenwich/research. html). If there is need to change the research topic it is done now. After revisiting your topic, you now need to gather the information needed. This is done by the use of the computer and the library. This information is then supplemented by fieldwork, which uses different methods of gathering information. This is done to confirm or challenge the statistics gotten from the library and computer software. While conducting the field research, one has to estimate the reality of the tools of measurement so as to ensure the information gotten is correct and in the process eliminate those, which contain errors after this is done, the information is coded and analyzed. The information is now ready for use to get the conclusion and then organize it to be able to write it in a way that the reader will understand. When it comes to the writing part, the language to be used has to be chosen carefully. It has to be a language accessible to all the presumed readers. The research is then written and is used to justify the problem statement and why the project should be undertaken. The conducting of a research and writing of a dissertation are the actual start of a project. This is because they justify the reason why the project can now start. All the six tools of research are used to ensure that the information provided in the research is reliable and valid. One can only gain experience in the use of these tools by conducting many researches. By writing dissertations and research papers, one ahs to use these tools and in so doing gets a lot of experience in their use. Over time one gets to learn how to use the various tools. When it comes to computers, one has to solicit the help of computer experts an also using the help icon in the computer. For a researcher, it is very useful to join research projects as an assistant researcher. This ensures that one gains a lot of experience and by working with an expert researcher one is able to pick up quite a number of tricks in the research field. Also as a research assistant, one does a lot of work and so is able to come up with new and more effective ways of using the tools of research. On top of this, one is able to choose which tools they can use best and which ones they need to work on to understand how they are used. To learn to be an expert researcher, one can only go through the above mentioned process of first becoming a research assistant. The expert researcher has to be able to use the six tools of research namely the human mind, the computer and its software, the statistics, the traditional library, tools of measurement and the language facility. It one has gone through the process of becoming a research assistant, there is knowledge gained from constant use of the tools and one can then be able to decide which tools they are most comfortable using. All the tools are important and necessary to any researcher but the order of importance assigned to each tool is what differs from researcher to researcher. It is only through experience of having worked on many research projects does one become competent in the use of all the tools and so that is what any novice researcher concentrates more on. Q. 3 The dissertation topic is education on health promotion.  From the interview with the researcher, I have learned how to use the six tools of research in the dissertation topic. By using the human mind, the topic, which is education on health promotion, was chosen. Using the computer and its software, the topic will be researched on and the basic knowledge gathered. Since the topic has enough materials to be used, it will not be changed. The information is then supplemented with that from the traditional library. After the topic has been re-affirmed, the field information will be collected and this will be done by using tools of measurement that are reliable (http://www. ih. gov/news/researchtools/). Once the information has been collected, it is then analyzed, cleaned and coded. The findings will now be used in writing the paper. When writing the paper the language to be used has to be that which the targeted readers can understand. When writing one has to avoid plagiarism and ensuring that any information from other sources is cited will do this. The paper must be in the proper format and should include all the parts of a project paper. The conclusion will have to support the topic and reason for the research. It will therefore have to support education on health promotion

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments Introduction: Depression is one of the parts of mental disorder which is affecting millions of people worldwide. [6] The logical analytical approach used in clinical and forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs as a cause of intoxication is largely based on both simple and fast screening methods which cover their extraction and identification including detection of their possible metabolites is been tried to reviewed. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant drugs cover many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] etc. Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children accompanying other disorders like depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might be increased the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [31] TCAs and MAOIs can produce similar kind of side effects like Tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, cardiovascular effects , hypotension, respiratory depression, coma etc. [4] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and can produce severe effects. Also their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, its increasing prescription rate and adverse effects resulting in a growing interest for determination methods in the Clinical and Forensic field. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology as it solve several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the above two fields. The matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood. It is a liquid connective tissue of the body composed of different kinds of blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood (plasma, serum) is one of the best choices for quantitative and qualitative measurements of drugs of interest because pharmacological or toxicological effects correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood. [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs, forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [43] Taking Forensic concept in postmortem cases if the positive finding of drug occurs in urine shows that the detected substance or its parent compound might be present in the body some time before death [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen found is Oral fluid for their applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window Hair could be as a best biological matrix for the identification and analysis of drugs. It is supposed that drugs or chemicals enter in to hair by passive diffusion from blood capillaries into growing cells and the mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis has been well reviewed showing practical utility of hair analysis. [62] Except from all the above given matrices one very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encounter for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological fluids for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These kinds of techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor required to produce bioanalytical results. Thus we can say that these methods give a high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range and contribute in formulating very fine detection techniques. Some Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the Serotonin (SERT) and Norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently use for therapeutic purposes. [108] are showing below. Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug and â€Å"its principle metabolite is desmethylsertraline.† [41] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug, Fluoxetine has been used worldwide in the therapy of major depression. (3) â€Å"It is primarily metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs which includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [39] In the majority of published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in combination to different kinds of colums operating under different separation conditions, mobile phases and detectors has been used. These were tried to review in the table given below. With high-performance liquid chromatography the analysis is done by using different kinds of detectors like Fluorescence detector, UV detector, Mass detectors etc. For ex. a high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in human plasma where Fluorescence detector was used. [140] A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Abbreviations:APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Thus, analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to Toxic or Fatal Drug interaction. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore they may be encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used for detection and characterization of Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focus on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world and by using non-destructive and sophisticated newer instrumental techniques we can also built a new strategy of examina tion and investigation for the drugs of interest. However, in this study, a decision about whether a studys findings are positive or negative cannot always be based strictly on the primary outcome measure. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern and despite the success of such methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from both clinical as well as from forensic prospect.

Power and Participation in Development Communication Essay -- Internat

The aim of development is not clean roads, skyscrapers and a well built transport infrastructure. Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. (Sen, 1999) And in this process communication plays a pivotal role. A strong tool, if utilized effectively it can mobilize masses and increase awareness thus empowering the poor and the weakest of the society. Development and communication are inextricably linked. Thus, the concept of development communication is not alien to us. Development communication, as the World Bank effectively defines is the ‘Integration of strategic communication in development projects’. However, communication for long has been top-down or in other words linear with no participatory elements, which has led to the failure of many development initia tives. Numerous issues such as who and how are the concerns of the marginalized populations voiced, how are the policy frameworks developed and who is involved in the decision making process began to be highlighted. Beneath these concerns lies the most important and crucial aspect of development communication i.e. Participation. Though technologies possess the potential to improve the lives of many people by giving them a voice, participation becomes a must as it facilitates dialogical communication. This sort of open and free communication is necessary as it allows identification of problems easily and through the experience and knowledge of both the parties in dialogue, solutions are often found. Participation is defined by some stakeholders as ‘mobilization ... ...nd organizations realize the importance of involvement of the communities towards which they are working for and encourage them to be self-reliant and benefit themselves. Works Cited Sen, A (1999). Development as Freedom. New York : Oxford University Press Tufte, T and Mefalopulos, P (2009). Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. Washington D.C. : World Bank Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4), pp. 216-224. Tufte, T and Mefalopulos, P (2009). Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. Washington D.C. : World Bank

Humorous Wedding Roast by a Fellow Gambler :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Fellow Gambler Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Josh and following the time-honored tradition, I will now do my best to give Roy the most uncomfortable five minutes of his life. For the record, the most uncomfortable five minutes of Joyce's life will be later on this evening, courtesy of Roy. Roy and I became acquainted many years ago, when we had three encounters in one week. I first saw him when he was placing a bet at the Horse Racing track. Then he appeared again at my local pub. And then, unbelievably, he appeared yet again - this time at poker night. It was at this moment that I realized someone very special had entered my life. Yes, I had a stalker! Or as his clothes suggested†¦ a gay stalker! This aside, we soon became friends and being a betting man myself I was immediately impressed by his outstanding knowledge of horse racing. He can name any trainer, jockey or horse which finished 4th or worse in any race in the last five years. But apparently, in the run up to the wedding, Roy’s form at the races has vastly improved and he’s been doing better than he’s ever done before. That’s right, Joyce hasn’t been letting him go. On the subject of betting I have a bit of an issue to raise. It came to my attention earlier that Roy is running a book on the length of the best man's speech. I am sure you will all be glad to know that I got wind of this and, not being known to Roy at the time, I put a tenner on myself to last an hour at the bargain odds of 500-1. So I suggest you top up your glasses and make yourselves comfortable - but do let me know if Roy tries to slip out. Attending university was definitely the best decision Roy ever made. Because he didn’t just meet me, he also met Joyce – who looks absolutely stunning today. October 1993, Roy Solomon, a county swimmer and keen football player, meets Joyce Reeves. And eight years later, Roy hasn’t so much as looked at a swimming pool and doesn’t play football anymore. But all is not lost, I understand he still has a good breaststroke, doesn’t have any problems with his ball control and can certainly use his head, even if he is a bit clumsy around the box.

Discussion of Architectural Movements

Question 1: See the impact of the Industrial Revolution on 19th century architecture. Your reply should research the manner in which edifices could be constructed, every bit good as the new demands being made upon architecture. The 19th century brought an age of uncertainness, assurance apparent in the elegant architecture of the 18th C had diminished, rejecting abnormality and polychrome, and was subjected to a period of architectural eclectic method. The birth of this sought after manner would let elements to be retained from old historic case in points, returning to the manner of Michelangelo etc. , whilst making something that is new andoriginal, forming manners of Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic. This ability to make a merger of manners allowed for look devised through creative activity, notreminiscence ; normally elected based on its propensity to the undertaking and overall aesthetic value, seeking to reconstruct order and restraint to architecture. Another Influence can be traced from the industrial revolution, a clip of rapid alteration, sing dramatic fluctuation and experimentation. With Changes in fabrication, conveyance, engineering, there was a profound effect on the societal economic sciences and cultural conditions. The urban population radically increased, with metropoliss likewise multiplying in size and figure. The effects for these new spread outing metropoliss was monolithic overcrowding. Factory proprietors were required to supply a big measure of inexpensive houses, ensuing in dumbly packedterraces, constructed to a low criterion. The enlargement of mass industry brought the potency of new constructing engineerings such as dramatis personae Fe, steel, and glass, with which designers and applied scientists devised constructions antecedently un-reached in both map, size, and signifier. Consequently, stuffs could be mass produced quickly and cheaply, non merely being applied to things like bricks, but besides Fe colu mns, glass panels etc. , intending constructions of all types could be constructed quicker and cheaper than of all time earlier. This generated a new potency of standardized designs, created from indistinguishable mill constituents, which could be mass produced bettering the efficiency of building clip but non needfully the quality. Through the rise of the revolution, architecture was now exposed to a magnitude of new building methods. Structures dwelling of metal columns and beams no longer needed walls for structural support, glass could be fashioned in larger sizes volumes and dense constructions could be replaced by skeleton constructions ; doing it possible to make antecedently restricted tallness and width really rapidly, utilizing pre-fabricated elements. However, this new architecture lacked in imaginativeness and manner as the focal point was cast towards functionality. An illustration of this new engineering was The Crystal Palace 1851. It was a glass and Fe collector's item, with pre-fabricated parts that could be mass-produced and erected quickly. This dazzled the 1000000s of visitants go throughing through its doors as it stood in blazing disparity to old monolithic rock building. Crystal Palace became the foundation for modern architecture, its transparence signified a sense of ‘no boundaries ’ . Question 2: Chart the cardinal features of the Art Nouveau motion in architecture. To what extent was this motion influential in the move towards International Modernism? The architectural manner of Art Nouveau foremost arouse in Europe, bring forthing its most originative stage between 1893 and 1905. Art Nouveau repelled against old classical Hellenic and Roman rules, rejecting the rigorous and formal ideals, which had been prevailing during much of the 19th C. It was established on the merger of formal inspiration from the English Arts and Crafts, every bit good as the structural importance of Gallic Rationalism, and the structural abstraction from nature, which was perceived as the best beginning of stimulation and aesthetic principals. Architects found their inspiration in the expressive organic signifiers that emphasised humanity ‘s natural aspiration, with dominate ornate embroideries, curvilineal signifiers, and design motives based on conventionalized workss and flowers. Art Nouveau manner architecture can be identified by specific basicss and separating factors which led to omnipresent cultural urges, looking throughout its life clip, n evertheless there is no individual definition or significance behind it. The manner originated from the reaction to a kingdom of art which was dominated by precise geometrical composings of Neo-Classical ideals. In hunt of a new design linguistic communication, constructs evolved distant from historical and classical restraints employed by old faculty members and current case in points. Alternatively designs were characterized by graceful, sinuate lines filled with irregular way, which were seldom angular. This was accompanied by violent curves ; rhythmic forms of curved, fluid lines that connect beautified field points, such as entrywaies and dramatis personae columns. The doctrine of Art Nouveau was in proviso of using delicate beauty to commonplace objects, in order for beautiful objects to be crystalline to all. No entity was excessively useful to be beautified, it was non merely apparent in external architecture butinterior ornamentsdisplayed its criterions as good. The inclination led towards organic capable affair, flowers, foliages, vines, and oth er organic images embellished architecture with each characteristic obtaining a different visual aspect ; a rapper moulded to look like a darning needle, birds etched into window frames, abstract lilies floating about stairwell bannisters. The manner embraces a assortment of stylistic readings ; some designers choosing for new low-priced stuffs with the aspiration of mass production, whilst others used more expensive stuffs valuing high workmanship. A assortment of motions continued to scout incorporate organic design, including DeStijl, and the Bauhaus School, nevertheless this shortly declined. Art Nouveau constituted a major measure towards the rational and stylistic invention of modern architecture, interrupting the tendency of looking backwards, which emphasised map over signifier and the riddance of otiose adornment. The stylistic basicss progressed into the simpler, rationalised signifiers of modernism. Theunderlying basicss of the art nouveau construct, of a exhaustively incorporate environment, remains a important component of modern-day modernism today. Question 3: With mentions to illustrations of his reinforced work, explore Le Corbusier’s ‘Five Points of a New Architecture’ . Le Corbusier’s foremost principle expressions at the system of structural support, it suggests that a differentiation can instantly be made between elements. Therefore back uping walls can be replaced by a grid of columns, spaced out at specific, equal intervals that withholds the structural burden. By promoting the land floor, it is thereby removed from the moistness land and is now to subject to visible radiation and air and accordingly the landscape can go on to flux beneath whilst deriving extra level roof infinite. The 2nd rule identifies the demand for the level roof to be utilised for a domestic intent such as a roof patio or garden, later intending that infinite lost in built up countries can be recovered. This country will expose epicurean organic flora, nevertheless it provides a structural intent supplying indispensable protection to the concrete roof. Resulting rain can now be controlled, fluxing off bit by bit down drain pipes, concealed within the inside of the e difice. The 3rd rule provinces that, due to fortunes made clear in the first rule, interior walls can now be placed where required, each floor being wholly independent to the following. The absence of back uping walls allows unrestrained freedom within the internal design. The forth rule dictates that the facade can be lifted from its structural map, leting the freedom of design separated from its original outside. By projecting the floor beyond its system of structural supports the whole facade is extended, losing its supportive quality, the facade therefore is free from limitations. The 5th rule determines that the facade can be intersect with horizontal window running the full length, widening from support to back up. These rectangular gaps allow plentiful sums of visible radiation and air, accomplishing equally illuminated suites of maximal light and hence taking the demand for perpendicular Windowss. We can picture the development of these rules through some of his reinforced work, foremost with his experimentation with Maison Citrohan, 1922. Through legion paradigms le Corbusier dramas with presenting this typical characteristics. Villa Stein 1926, is the first full illustration of these rules. Built around a rigorous grid of structural columns, the Villa features an unfastened program layout with roof patio protected by screens. The concrete construction obtains strips of thread Windowss, nevertheless that land beneath has been to the full consumed by the Villa. The Villa Savoye 1929, visibly embodies all five points of the new aesthetic. The majority of the construction is supported above the land by slender reinforced concrete piles. The house conceals an unfastened floor program that culminates a roof garden, counterbalancing for the green infinite lost beneath. Finally, the clean white facade embodies the typical thread windows that allow unobstructed positions.

Environmental & Health Impacts of Mining on Surrounding Communities

Background of the Study INTRODUCTION To achieve rapid economic development, many countries resort to various activities to use and take advantage of natural resources. One of such activities is mining. Thus, mining became an important activity which has potential for the contribution of development of areas enriched with resources. Having visited Surigao Del Norte once a month starting February until August of this year, I was deeply frustrated by the negative impact of mining in the province. I saw how communities affected by mining.I heard how indigenous people had been shifted off their lands to make way for mining and how their consultation rights had been ignored. I saw polluted rivers, destroyed mangrove forests, damaged coral and ruined agriculture. I concluded that Surigao del Norte is in danger of losing much of its rich biodiversity and damaging the lives of unique indigenous cultures. Surigao Del Norte is a province of the Philippines located in Caraga Region in Mindanao. It has a population of almost 450,000 lines between the different groups which cannot be accurately distinguished.It has an area of 2,740 square kilometers. It embraces within its domain 27 municipalities and a component city. Mangrove is the major theme in the coastal areas of the province. It has also many caves and tunnels in its islands. The ironwood forests of the province are one of the watersheds most productive resources. By its nature, it is growing and adapted to a mineralized soil. So it should be carefully managed for sustained productivity. Its biggest islands are usually mountainous and rich in minerals. Its islands have one of the world's largest deposit of nickel and chromite.The smaller ones either rest on sand and gravel or have a limestone base bonded by boulders ( large rounded mass of rock lying on the surface of the ground or embedded in the soil ), reefs, and sandbars. There are also springs, lagoons, caves, waterfalls, mangroves, marshes and whirlpools which made the province more appealing to all nature lovers. Surigao is home to the â€Å"Mamanwa† ethnic tribe. The Department of Labor and Employment – Caraga Region released an official list of mining companies in Caraga for 2012 Inspection.There are 35 mining companies declared in the list that continuously operate in the whole region. And there are other non registered mining companies that are not included in the list that are pursuing mining operations. Mining activities have lots of environmental and health impacts. This has derived from the methods of operation by the mining companies, of course it has effects on the natural environment as well as the people in the surrounding communities. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSurigao del Norte has a variety of mineral resources and corrispondingly there's large-scale mining companies invested more and expanded their operations in the province. Nickel production in the province is dominated by these large mining companies that ar e operating in different communities in Surigao del Norte. The three giant and controversial mining companies located in the province are Tag-anito High Pressure Acid Leaching (THPAL-Sumitomo), Tag-anito Mining Corporation (TMC), and the Platinum Gold Metal Corporation (PGMC).The giant Tag-anito Mining Corporation (TMC) is one of three mining companies of the Nickel Asia Corporation in Surigao del Norte owned by Manny Zamora, located at Brgy. Taganito,Claver. The TMC has ravaged the area for many years and has immensely destroyed the environment of the province. It has ruined both fresh water and marine sources, devastated mountains, violated the rights of the indigenous people and workers. The Platinum Gold Metal Corporation (PGMC) is mining nickel ore for foreign buyers with a permit to operate under the name of Mr. Atayde, but is currently operated by one Mrs.Tata Dasmarinas Marahomsar. Millions of tons of nickel ore have already been plundered and shipped to imperialist countrie s, which has resulted in the total effacement of forest and mountains within its concession, as well as the destruction of rivers and seas. Almost all workers in this company are under contract-basis. This gigantic Tag-anito High Pressure Acid Leaching Plant (THPAL), which processes nickel, is principally owned by the Japanese imperialist Sumitomo Mining Corporation, which is in partnership or connaivance with the Nickel Asia Corporation owned by Manny Zamora.Its operation uses massive quantities of sulfuric acid that is highly toxic to both humans and environment. It is also a coal-fired plant that exhausts out tons upon tons of highly toxic fumes into the atmosphere. The said plant also only processes millions of tons of low-grade nickel ore coming from different mines from the four provinces of Caraga, as they prefer to export high grade nickel ore to foreign countries. At the rate they are currently mining both low and high grade nickel ore, in the net few decades, the environme nt in the province will be completely destroyed.The method of extraction that is mostly used by these mining companies is open-pit. It is a kind of surface mining that the mining companies choose to get rocks and minerals out of the ground because it is easiest and cheapest way. The top of the layers of the land are removed. After that, layer after layer is taken away until the rock or mineral is visible. This is taken out and processed. Taking away layer after layer of land creates a gigantic, open hole or pit that keeps getting deeper and deeper until there is nothing left to bring out.Heavy machines are used for this purpose. The use of heavy machines and chemicals underground do not only cause instability within the earth crust but also underground water which serves as source of water to various waterbodies in the area are affected by infiltration of toxic materials. Also, explosives like dynamites are used to blast the large rocks out of the earth. The loud noise and the vibra tions from the blasts have affected people within the surrounding communities. There is also spillage of poisonous chemicals used in the process in drainage to nearby streams.This causes aquatic life loss, as these chemicals are highly toxic. It also seeps down into the soil causing plant roots to die. The combination of inadequate protection measures and natural hazards can be and has been calamitous. The province's record of mining incidents is evident of this. Last January 2011, Surigao del Norte was under state of calamity as several towns were hit by floodwaters . Numerous houses were totally and partially damaged, and the floods killed number of people. Families from barangays provincewide were affected.Last October 2011 more than 200 heavily armed New People's Army rebels attacked three mining companies in Surigao del Norte, burning heay equipment, disarming guards and briefly holding several people in their attack. This conflict between the rebels and the mining companies ha d made the local people alarmed and troubled. These incidents are proof how mining brought distruction on the livelihoods, health and even the human rights of indigenous people and other local communities of Surigao del Norte.These environmental, health, and social effects of mining activities have been attracting attention, thus, need to be addressed. Although, the mining company is believed to have made steps to improve health conditions of residents within the surrounding communities, however, the extent to which these efforts are reducing the negative environmental and health impacts is yet to be established. For instance, the three mentioned large mining companies in the province said that their top priority is local employment in the communities they operate.Also they claim that they are engaged in environmentally responsible practices in their mining operations, complied with local and national guidelines and programs on the preservation and restoration of the environment. Bu t it is clear in the incidents happened in the province that their missions/vissions to care for the environment and community are not met. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY In line with the problems outlined above, the aim of this research is to answer the following concerns: a. What are the effects of the method(s) used in mining on the environment? b. What are the health effects of mining on the people living in Surigao del Norte? . What measures have been put by the government and other organizations to reduce the negative effects (environmental & health) of mining activities on the people of Surigao del Norte? Accordingly, the main objective of the study was to ascertain the environmental and health impacts of Surigao del Norte on the surrounding communities. The specific objectives were to: 1. 3. 1 Determine the methods of mining operations and their effects on the environment and health of the people. 1. 3. 2 Determine and examine the measures of the mentioned mining companies (TMC, PD MC,THPAL) in ensuring the safety of residents in the surrounding communities. . 3. 3 Assess the role of the Chamber of Mines Caraga Region, inc. , Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR), Local Government Units (LGU), and Non government organizations (NGO's). 1. 4 HYPOTHESES 1. 4. 1 Appreciation of mining effects on the environment by residents is related to their number of years of stay in the communities. 1. 4. 2 Knowledge of mining effects on health is positively related to years of schooling (education). 1. 4. 3 The infections/diseases among residents are related to mining activities. 1. 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe data collected included background data on respondents, awareness, perception and effects of mining within the surrounding communities. Also data on the methods of the mentioned mining companies were collected, as well as data on the effects of their operations. Also data interventional measures of the organizations involved were collected. 1. 7 Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection Data for this study were from primary and secondary sources. Primary data included administering of questionnaires in the field to residents of surrounding communities of the mining companies and some mine workers.There were also interviews with staff and officials of the mentioned mining companies (TMC,PDMC,THPAL) as well as officials of government agencies such as LGU and DENR for relevant information. Moreover, there were field observations to the mine sites and other areas to determine the effects of mining operations on the environment. Secondary data were gathered from books, relevant articles from journals and reports of researches conducted on the effects of mining operations on the surrounding communities. There were data also obtained from library of Far Eastern University – Makati, internet and other sources. SAMPLING DESIGN 5 people were randomly selected for the execution of a detailed questionnaire. The justification of th e sample size lies in the fact that the time and resources available were not enough to cover the entire area with its whole population. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Provision of Health Facilities Land Degradation The conceptual framework shows the impact of mining on the environment and the health of people. Mining method used by mining companies in surigao is open-pit ( surface mining). The method used have environmental and health impacts.Opininon of Respondents on Effects of Mining on the Environment Years of Staying in town Do Methods affect the environment? Yes No Total 1-4 years 3 3 5-8 years 2 2 9-12 years 13-16 years 2 2 17-20 years 3 3 21-24 years 2 2 25-28 years 5 5 29-32 years 1 1 33-36 years 1 1 37-40 years 6 6 41+ years Total 25 25 It is evident from the table that those who have stayed longer period within the mining area gave a large percent attestation that mining methods affect the environment. The analysis confirms that the years of staying in town affect respondent's kno wledge on mining effects on the environment.Therefore , the first hypothesis is validated. Table 2. Respondents' responses to environmental effects of mining on the locality Effects of Mining Frequency Percentage Land Degradation 17 32. 08 Air Pollution 12 22. 64 Water Pollution 15 28. 3 Noise Pollution 9 16. 98 Total 53 100 NB: The total frequency is exceeding 25 because there were lot of respondents noted more than one form of effect. The highest percentage of the respondents noted that contributes environmental problem is land degradation followed by water pollution , air pollution , then noise pollution.The pollution are associated with mining activities in their respective communities. Table 3. Respondents' views on relationship between mining and health by education Years of education Are diseases related to mining? Yes No Total None (illiterate) 3 3 6 7-9 yrs ( basic) 4 4 10-15yrs ( secondary) 4 3 7 16-18 yrs ( tertiary) 8 8 Total 19 6 25 Approximately 76% of the respondents asserted that the diseases endemic in their communities were as a result of the mining activities , while 24% disproving this claim.The analysis also shows that the years of schooling of respondents (education) affected the views of respondents on relationship of diseases endemic in the area of mining activities. For those with higher years of schooling (10-18 yrs. ) asserted that mining activities had caused diseases endemic in the area. The second hypothesis that knowledge of mining effects on health is positively related to education levels of respondents is therefore validated. Table 4. Diseases frequently contracted by respondents Diseases Frequency Percentage Malaria 2 8 Diarrhea 11 44 Skin Diseases 4 16 Fever 5 20 Cough and colds 3 12 Total 5 100 Most of the respondents complained of incidence of diarrhea from mining activities. Then some noted infections of fever, skin diseases, cough and colds ,then malaria. Health effects associated with the mining activities are noteworth y. The research revealed that there is high prevalent rate of diseases such as diarrhea and other infections among residents which were direct and indirect effects of mining activities. Summary of Research and Findings The research examined the mining methods of the three mining companies (TMC,PGMC, THPAL) and their environmental and health effects on the surrounding communities.Moreover, measures being put in place by the mining companies to moderate the environmental, health and other socio-economic effects of their activities on the people of Surigao del Norte. Also the roles of some public sector mining industry support organizations were also examined. The three big mining companies that are currently operating in the province of Surigao del Norte, on their part, have realized the effects of their activities on the people living in the communities and have sought to institute measures to reduce and moderate the environmental, health, and other effects on the people.Measures tha t have been undertaken which include reforestation, resettlement and compensation to affected communities, and providing alternative sources of drinking water to communities whose water resources have been contaminated with toxic chemicals. On health, the mining companies have built clinics and health posts within the communities for the benefit of both workers and people within the communities.With the view to ensuring better conditions for residents within the mining area, some public sector mining industry support organizations such as Chamber of Mines of Caraga Region, also government agencies like Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) and Local Government Units contributed their contributed efforts of restoration. The Department of Environmental and Natural Resources whose primary duty is to ensure that mining companies undertake their operations in conformity with the laws, is responsible for the monitoring of mining activities from time to time.The Local Go vernment Units, as a government agency responsible for taxing and imposing charges for mining companies that are operating in communities of the province , ensures that the just amounts were collected from these mining companies. Also LGU implemented and supervised social support programmes in mining areas. The Chamber of Mines in Caraga Region (CNC), the peak mineral industry association not only in Surigao del Norte but in the whole Caraga Region, represents the collective interest of companies involved in mineral exploration, production, and processing in the province.The chamber has not only functioned to promote and protect the interest and image of the mining industry but has also committed itself to addressing mining related environmental and socio-economic problems. This is evident in the Chamber's commitment in initiating alternative livelihood programmes and executing its corporate social responsibility in host communities of mining activities. CNC initiated inland rehabil itation and reforestation in the Surigao del Norte province. It initiated and committed about 5 hectares of mined-portion for rehabilitation and reforestation.The activity involved re-contouring of the area, backfilling of the topsoil, preparation of site, and planting of endemic and exotic tree species. Despite of the efforts by these organizations in ensuring that mining activities are carried out on sustainable basis without serious problems to the environment and the host communities, the public is yet to feel the impact of their activities. A critical assessment of their activities therefore shows that there is more to be achieved than what has been accomplished so far as far as environmental and health problems in the mining industry are concerned.Conclusion In as much as we acknowledge the economic benefits of mining activities in Surigao del Norte, there is the need also to recognize the environmental and health hazards that come with it in order to find ways of dealing with them. It must be recommended that further researches are conducted into the assessment of intervention measures adopted andimplemented by mining companies and stakeholder organizations in reducing and moderating the economic, social,environmental and health impacts of mining activities on the people in the surrounding communities.There should be funding from the government and other institutions for researches conducted, with a move to educate the general public on the need to provide information needed for researches since they will ultimately lead to the development of the country. There is the need for an effective collaboration and coordination among governmental agencies and others so that they can perform their roles effectively in dealing with the environmental and health problems associated with mining activities within the affected communities.

Coffee Speech Essay

General Purpose: Informal Specific Purpose: is on the topic of caffeine†¦ its beneficial effects AND its negative effects. Statement: also to inform coffee users about coffee. Introduction IOpen with impact: before you go to Starbucks store buy take and take a sip of your favorite coffee†¦ AWouldn’t you want to know a better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? B I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health CThis inspired me to do some research on the subject II Thesis: This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in. Connect: What you whant to know about caffeine is, A. Why do most humans use it. BWhat products have it CWhat are the advantages and disadvantages Preview: How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? Body I. Main point: Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? A. Benefits B. Disadvantages C. Safe levels of caffeine consumption D. Effects on the body II. Main point: Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body. III. (Transitional sentence: I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption Main point: Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, is well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? A. Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. 1. This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work. 2. Calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! 3. Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities 4. When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more (which can cause dehydration) and prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. B. When larger amounts of caffeine (over 600 mg per day) are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when not used. 1. Transition: According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. 2. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day – or 250 mg of caffeine – is considered (quote) â€Å"average or moderate†. 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. Conclusion Summarize: As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. Close with impact: So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you! References before you go to Starbucks or any other coffee selling store or brands, buy and take and take a sip of your favorite coffee, Wouldn’t you want to know better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health, this inspired me to do some research on the subject This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in, Why do most humans use it, what products have it, what are the advantages and disadvantages. How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? : Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? But Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body, I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption. Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. It’s well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work, calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities, When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more which can cause dehydration but it can prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. When larger amounts of caffeine over 600 mg per day are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when it’s not used. According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day or 250 mg of caffeine is considered â€Å"average or moderate† now 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you!